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Micro > CH13 > Flashcards

CH13 Flashcards

1
Q

The principle of transformation was first demonstrated by which of the following individuals or groups of individuals?

A

Griffith

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2
Q

A complex consisting of a single mRNA molecule with several ribosomes is called a

A

polysome.

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3
Q

When an F plasmid integrates into the host chromosome, the strain is referred to as

A

Hfr.

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4
Q

When bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium by a virus, it is called

A

transduction.

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5
Q

Which of the following types of mutation may play an important role in driving evolution because they are often nonlethal and, therefore, remain in the gene pool?

A

missense

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6
Q

_______ are strains that are unable to grow on a minimal medium that supports growth of the wild type strain but are able to grow on the minimal medium if one or more nutritional supplements are added.

A

Auxotrophs

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7
Q

________ molecules deliver amino acids to ribosomes during translation.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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8
Q

Transfer of genetic information via direct cell-cell contact is called

A

conjugation.

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9
Q

The Ames test

A

is used to measure the mutagenicity of chemicals.

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10
Q

The strand of DNA for a particular gene that is copied by the RNA polymerase to form mRNA is called the __________ strand.

A

template

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11
Q

When a DNA molecule is replicated, the daughter molecules contain one strand of parental DNA and one strand of newly synthesized DNA; this is called __________ replication.

A

semiconservative

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12
Q

When a recipient cell acquires a piece of naked DNA from the environment, it is called

A

transformation.

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13
Q

You have taken E. coli strain A, which has its own plasmids, and mixed it with E. coli B strain without plasmids. E. coli B cells now have plasmids but, in addition, they also carry some genes from E. coli A strain. An explanation for this:

A

some F+ E. coli A cells became Hfr cells.

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14
Q 
Which of the following is not a termination codon?
UGA
AUG
UAA
UAG
A

AUG

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15
Q

The region at which the RNA polymerase binds is the __________ region.

A

promoter

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16
Q

The portion of the tRNA molecule that binds to the codon on the mRNA is called the

A

anticodon.

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17
Q

After an F+ × F- mating, the donor is __________ and the recipient is __________.

A

F+; F+

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18
Q

If 20% of nucleotides in the DNA of a particular organism contain thymine, estimate the percentage of cytosine that is present in the DNA.

A

30%

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19
Q

The transcribed, but not translated, sequence that is immediately upstream of the region that encodes the functional product is called the __________ region.

A

leader

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20
Q

A __________ mutation is one that causes premature termination of the synthesis of the protein product.

A

nonsense

21
Q

Which of the following best represents the order of gene transfer in an Hfr × F- mating?

A

part of the plasmid followed by part of the chromosome

22
Q

In order to take up a naked DNA molecule, a cell must be __________, which may occur only at certain stages in the life cycle of the organism.

A

competent

23
Q

During replication the 2 strands of the DNA molecule are unwound from one another by enzymes called

A

helicases.

24
Q

In __________ ribosomes can attach to the mRNA and begin translation even though transcription has not been completed.

A

prokaryotes

25
Q

Plasmids that have genes that decrease bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics are called __________ factors.

A

resistance

26
Q

what is the central dogma of DNA replication

A

DNA–replication–>DNA–transcription–> RNA (can reverse transcription back to DNA) –translation–>protein

27
Q

compare/contrast DNA replication in bacteria and eukaryotes

A

-in bacteria
single origin, bidirectional
2 replication forks going in opposite directions

-in eukaryotes
multiple origins, linear
multiple replication forks

28
Q

describe how DNA replicates

A
  • DNA B helicase is responsible for separating the two strands of parental DNA.
  • The strands are kept apart by single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB), allows for synthesis of an RNA primer by DNA primase.
  • DNA gyrase eases the strain.
  • The lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.
  • A new RNA primer is required for the synthesis of each Okazaki fragment.
29
Q

replication fork movement is in the _______ direction

A

3’-5

30
Q

RNA primer adds ____ bases

A

10

31
Q

new DNA is added at __ side

A

3’

32
Q

DNA polymerase adds new dna in opposite direction of

A

replication fork

33
Q

are okazaki fragments larger in bacteria or eukaryotes?

A

bacteria

34
Q

how are RNA primers removed

A
  • DNA polymerase 1 removes RNA primer and fills gap with DNA on lagging strand, nick remains
  • DNA ligase links Okazaki fragments together by sealing nicks
  • complete chromosome produced
35
Q

-nucleic acid on lagging strand during replication made up of 10 RNA bases

A

Okazaki Fragments

36
Q

removes RNA primer and puts in DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

37
Q

nucleotide sequence that codes DNA

A

gene

38
Q

how many RNA polymerase do bacteria and eukaryotes have

A

bacteria-1

eukaryotes-3

39
Q

describe transcription

A
  • Transcription begins at the +1 position in DNA and proceeds to the right (3’-5’ direction)
  • RNA polymerase recognition site is at -35 and RNA polymerase binding site (Pribnow box) is at -10 in the promotor region
  • template strand transcription starts synthesizing RNA
  • translation stop codon is right before the trailer
  • mRNA is produced
40
Q

all cellular organisms use ___ as start codon

A

AUG

41
Q

describe translation

A
  • template produced from transcription serves as code
  • codons mRNA codons are formed with corresponding bases, U instead of T
  • start codon is at AUG with corresponding anticodons that make the tRNA with functional AA protein attached
42
Q

begins translation in bacteria

A

FMET

43
Q

if the mRNA strand is AUG AGC GAC, then the anticodons are

A

UAC UCG CUG

44
Q

if the template strand is TAC TCG CTG, then the mRNA codons are

A

AUG AGC GAC

45
Q

codons that don’t have corresponding RNA are

A

stop codons

ex: UAA, UAG, UGA

46
Q

what happens in eukaryotic RNA processing

A
  • entire gene both intron and exons, transcribed to RNA by RNA poly (eukaryotic DNA)
  • introns removed
  • exons spliced together without introns forming mRNA that will pass thru nuclear membrane into cytoplasm
  • become ribosomes for translation
47
Q

segments of DNA that are non-coding sequences

A

introns

48
Q

bacteria and archaea have transcription/ translation linked because

A

they don’t have a nucleus or introns

49
Q

how was insulin revolutionized for diabetes

A

since eukaryotic genes cannot work in bacteria, human insulin took processed mRNA (exons) and made DS RNA

Micro (15 decks)

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