Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro > CH13 > Flashcards

CH13 Flashcards

1
Q

The principle of transformation was first demonstrated by which of the following individuals or groups of individuals?

A

Griffith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A complex consisting of a single mRNA molecule with several ribosomes is called a

A

polysome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When an F plasmid integrates into the host chromosome, the strain is referred to as

A

Hfr.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium by a virus, it is called

A

transduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of the following types of mutation may play an important role in driving evolution because they are often nonlethal and, therefore, remain in the gene pool?

A

missense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_______ are strains that are unable to grow on a minimal medium that supports growth of the wild type strain but are able to grow on the minimal medium if one or more nutritional supplements are added.

A

Auxotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

________ molecules deliver amino acids to ribosomes during translation.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transfer of genetic information via direct cell-cell contact is called

A

conjugation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Ames test

A

is used to measure the mutagenicity of chemicals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The strand of DNA for a particular gene that is copied by the RNA polymerase to form mRNA is called the __________ strand.

A

template

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When a DNA molecule is replicated, the daughter molecules contain one strand of parental DNA and one strand of newly synthesized DNA; this is called __________ replication.

A

semiconservative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When a recipient cell acquires a piece of naked DNA from the environment, it is called

A

transformation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

You have taken E. coli strain A, which has its own plasmids, and mixed it with E. coli B strain without plasmids. E. coli B cells now have plasmids but, in addition, they also carry some genes from E. coli A strain. An explanation for this:

A

some F+ E. coli A cells became Hfr cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q 
Which of the following is not a termination codon?
UGA
AUG
UAA
UAG
A

AUG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The region at which the RNA polymerase binds is the __________ region.

A

promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The portion of the tRNA molecule that binds to the codon on the mRNA is called the

A

anticodon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

After an F+ × F- mating, the donor is __________ and the recipient is __________.

A

F+; F+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If 20% of nucleotides in the DNA of a particular organism contain thymine, estimate the percentage of cytosine that is present in the DNA.

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The transcribed, but not translated, sequence that is immediately upstream of the region that encodes the functional product is called the __________ region.

A

leader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A __________ mutation is one that causes premature termination of the synthesis of the protein product.

A

nonsense

21
Q

Which of the following best represents the order of gene transfer in an Hfr × F- mating?

A

part of the plasmid followed by part of the chromosome

22
Q

In order to take up a naked DNA molecule, a cell must be __________, which may occur only at certain stages in the life cycle of the organism.

A

competent

23
Q

During replication the 2 strands of the DNA molecule are unwound from one another by enzymes called

A

helicases.

24
Q

In __________ ribosomes can attach to the mRNA and begin translation even though transcription has not been completed.

A

prokaryotes

25
Q

Plasmids that have genes that decrease bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics are called __________ factors.

A

resistance

26
Q

what is the central dogma of DNA replication

A

DNA–replication–>DNA–transcription–> RNA (can reverse transcription back to DNA) –translation–>protein

27
Q

compare/contrast DNA replication in bacteria and eukaryotes

A

-in bacteria
single origin, bidirectional
2 replication forks going in opposite directions

-in eukaryotes
multiple origins, linear
multiple replication forks

28
Q

describe how DNA replicates

A
  • DNA B helicase is responsible for separating the two strands of parental DNA.
  • The strands are kept apart by single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB), allows for synthesis of an RNA primer by DNA primase.
  • DNA gyrase eases the strain.
  • The lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.
  • A new RNA primer is required for the synthesis of each Okazaki fragment.
29
Q

replication fork movement is in the _______ direction

A

3’-5

30
Q

RNA primer adds ____ bases

A

10

31
Q

new DNA is added at __ side

A

3’

32
Q

DNA polymerase adds new dna in opposite direction of

A

replication fork

33
Q

are okazaki fragments larger in bacteria or eukaryotes?

A

bacteria

34
Q

how are RNA primers removed

A
  • DNA polymerase 1 removes RNA primer and fills gap with DNA on lagging strand, nick remains
  • DNA ligase links Okazaki fragments together by sealing nicks
  • complete chromosome produced
35
Q

-nucleic acid on lagging strand during replication made up of 10 RNA bases

A

Okazaki Fragments

36
Q

removes RNA primer and puts in DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

37
Q

nucleotide sequence that codes DNA

A

gene

38
Q

how many RNA polymerase do bacteria and eukaryotes have

A

bacteria-1

eukaryotes-3

39
Q

describe transcription

A
  • Transcription begins at the +1 position in DNA and proceeds to the right (3’-5’ direction)
  • RNA polymerase recognition site is at -35 and RNA polymerase binding site (Pribnow box) is at -10 in the promotor region
  • template strand transcription starts synthesizing RNA
  • translation stop codon is right before the trailer
  • mRNA is produced
40
Q

all cellular organisms use ___ as start codon

A

AUG

41
Q

describe translation

A
  • template produced from transcription serves as code
  • codons mRNA codons are formed with corresponding bases, U instead of T
  • start codon is at AUG with corresponding anticodons that make the tRNA with functional AA protein attached
42
Q

begins translation in bacteria

A

FMET

43
Q

if the mRNA strand is AUG AGC GAC, then the anticodons are

A

UAC UCG CUG

44
Q

if the template strand is TAC TCG CTG, then the mRNA codons are

A

AUG AGC GAC

45
Q

codons that don’t have corresponding RNA are

A

stop codons

ex: UAA, UAG, UGA

46
Q

what happens in eukaryotic RNA processing

A
  • entire gene both intron and exons, transcribed to RNA by RNA poly (eukaryotic DNA)
  • introns removed
  • exons spliced together without introns forming mRNA that will pass thru nuclear membrane into cytoplasm
  • become ribosomes for translation
47
Q

segments of DNA that are non-coding sequences

A

introns

48
Q

bacteria and archaea have transcription/ translation linked because

A

they don’t have a nucleus or introns

49
Q

how was insulin revolutionized for diabetes

A

since eukaryotic genes cannot work in bacteria, human insulin took processed mRNA (exons) and made DS RNA

Micro (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions