CH1 Flashcards
first to efficiently observe MOs and called them animalcules
Leeuwenhoek
tiny living things Leeuwenhoek saw under the microscope at 300x
animalcules
- animalcules result from fermentation/putrefaction
- chemical changes
- to occur, needs air (vital force)
abiogenesis or spontaneous generation
- animalcules come from other animalcules causes causes fermentation/putrefaction
- must arise from other living things
biogenesis
- concluded that MOs don’t spontaneously appear
- experiment with cork: vital force
Redi
- no spontaneous generation
- MOs accumulate in in bends of flask
- let air in without MOs getting in
- experiment done by Pasteur
swan neck flask experiment
said that if there is air, then there is MOs
Tyndall
- MOs produce fermentation products, not the reverse
- heat enough to kill MOs
- pasteurization
germ theory of fermentation
- 50-60 degree C (120-140 degree F)
- kill specific unwanted MOs
- doesn’t alter taste/texture
- originally for wine
pasteurization
isolated anthrax that is harmful to cattle and pasture land
-claimed one kind of MO causes one disease
Koch
caused by rod shaped bacterium with spores and introduced controls measures
anthrax
to prove the causative agent of a disease
Koch’s postulates
Name Koch’s Postulates and modifications
- specific MOs always associate with a given disease
- MO isolated and grown in pure culture in the lab
- pure culture will produce disease
- recover the injection MO from experimentally infected organism
modifications
-viruses, other obligate parasites same diseases caused by more than one MO, one MO may cause several different diseases
- causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease and would show on leaves
- something was smaller and went through filter
- filterable
Ivanovski and Beilernck (viruses)
- first human disease known that was caused by disease
- transmitted by mosquitoes
- agent filterable
- Walter Reed
yellow fever
- prevent infection
- practiced before Koch’s Germ Theory of Disease proven
antisepsis
- used to clean hands of obstreticians from giving expecting mothers childbed fever (perpetual fever)
- Semmelweis
chlorine
Lister used this to soak his surgical dressings in to prevent antisepsis in wounds
carbolic acid (phenol)
stimulation of host to develop resistance to a specific disease
immunization
- created smallpox vaccine
- inoculated James Phipps with cowpox the with smallpox, he is resistant to smallpox
Jenner
outline Pasteur’s chicken cholera experiment
- inoculated chicken with pure culture of chicken cholera bacteria 8 week old
- after several weeks, the chicken remained healthy
- Pasteur realized he used old culture and not fresh culture
- with fresh virulent culture of chicken cholera bacteria, he inoculated the chicken previously inoculated and one that was not
- previously inoculated chicken lives and the one that wasn’t dies
drugs that treat microbial diseases
chemotherapy
introduced “magic bullet” and selective toxicity
Ehrlich
kills MOs without harming the patient
selective toxicity
fungus that prevents growth of other MOs
penicillium notatum
miracle drug
penicillin
chemical produced from one MO (natural) that kills other MOs
antibiotic
biological nitrogen fixation
N2—-> NH3 (ammonia)
iron and sulfur oxidation- acid mine drainage
pyrite (Fes2) —-> ammonia
isolate and study MOs present at low [ ] /proportions
enrichment culture and selective media
- prokaryotic
- unicellular
- some motile
- cell wall
bacteria
- eukaryotic
- unicellular (yeasts)/ multi (molds)
- absorb dissolved nutrients
- cell wall
fungi
- not cells (not eukaryotic or prokaryotic)
- obligate parasites
- small
- RNA instead of DNA
viruses
- eukaryotic
- unicellular
- motile (flagella, cilia, amoeboid)
- non photosynthetic
- no cell wall
- ingest particulate food
protozoa
- eukaryotic
- photosynthetic
- uni/multi cellular
- cell wall
algae
three domains created by Carl Woese
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Carl Woese distinguished between the members of the Archaea and the Bacteria using studies of their
ribosomal RNA
Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis?
Koch
A student is observing microorganisms in a sample of pond water. One organism of interest has an obvious nucleus, small oval structures containing a green pigment, and does not appear to be motile. In which of the following groups would this microbe most likely be classified?
Eukaryotes (algae)
Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?
lack cell structure
Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by
Lister
Prior to the work of ____________, scientists did not distinguish between members of the Archaea and the Bacteria
Carl Woese
Who is credited with developing a vaccine against chicken cholera?
Pasteur
Who provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?
Pasteur
Who was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms?
van Leeuwenhoek
Semmelweis used _____ to prevent puerperal fever transmission.
chlorine
The first surgical antiseptic to be used was
Phenol
If you wanted to increase your chances of isolating a member of the Archaea (rather than a member of another domain), which would be the best site to sample?
Intestine of an elephant
A 450C hot spring in Hawaii
A 950C hot spring in Yellowstone National Park
Skin of an elephant
A 950C hot spring in Yellowstone National Park
In a search for new antibiotics, a previously unknown organism has been recovered from the soil. It is nonmotile and is composed of long threadlike structures formed from nucleated cells. It is not-photosynthetic and absorbs its nutrients. This organism will most likely be classified among the
Eukaryotes (fungi)
Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox?
Jenner
A new microbe was isolated from a water sample. The species was found to be motile and contained a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. After analysis, it was found to obtain necessary nutrients by ingesting other microbes. This species is a(n)
Protozoan
The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called
spontaneous generation/abiogenesis
Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease?
Koch
The use of enrichment cultures and selective media was pioneered by
Beijerinck.
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the discovery of viruses?
chicken cholera is caused by a virus
mosquitoes can transmit viruses.
viruses pass through filters.
tobacco mosaic disease is caused by a virus.
chicken cholera is caused by a virus
