Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro > CH1 > Flashcards

CH1 Flashcards

1
Q

first to efficiently observe MOs and called them animalcules

A

Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tiny living things Leeuwenhoek saw under the microscope at 300x

A

animalcules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • animalcules result from fermentation/putrefaction
  • chemical changes
  • to occur, needs air (vital force)
A

abiogenesis or spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • animalcules come from other animalcules causes causes fermentation/putrefaction
  • must arise from other living things
A

biogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • concluded that MOs don’t spontaneously appear

- experiment with cork: vital force

A

Redi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • no spontaneous generation
  • MOs accumulate in in bends of flask
  • let air in without MOs getting in
  • experiment done by Pasteur
A

swan neck flask experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

said that if there is air, then there is MOs

A

Tyndall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • MOs produce fermentation products, not the reverse
  • heat enough to kill MOs
  • pasteurization
A

germ theory of fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • 50-60 degree C (120-140 degree F)
  • kill specific unwanted MOs
  • doesn’t alter taste/texture
  • originally for wine
A

pasteurization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

isolated anthrax that is harmful to cattle and pasture land

-claimed one kind of MO causes one disease

A

Koch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

caused by rod shaped bacterium with spores and introduced controls measures

A

anthrax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

to prove the causative agent of a disease

A

Koch’s postulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name Koch’s Postulates and modifications

A
  1. specific MOs always associate with a given disease
  2. MO isolated and grown in pure culture in the lab
  3. pure culture will produce disease
  4. recover the injection MO from experimentally infected organism

modifications
-viruses, other obligate parasites same diseases caused by more than one MO, one MO may cause several different diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease and would show on leaves
  • something was smaller and went through filter
  • filterable
A

Ivanovski and Beilernck (viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • first human disease known that was caused by disease
  • transmitted by mosquitoes
  • agent filterable
  • Walter Reed
A

yellow fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • prevent infection

- practiced before Koch’s Germ Theory of Disease proven

A

antisepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • used to clean hands of obstreticians from giving expecting mothers childbed fever (perpetual fever)
  • Semmelweis
A

chlorine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lister used this to soak his surgical dressings in to prevent antisepsis in wounds

A

carbolic acid (phenol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stimulation of host to develop resistance to a specific disease

A

immunization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • created smallpox vaccine

- inoculated James Phipps with cowpox the with smallpox, he is resistant to smallpox

A

Jenner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

outline Pasteur’s chicken cholera experiment

A
  • inoculated chicken with pure culture of chicken cholera bacteria 8 week old
  • after several weeks, the chicken remained healthy
  • Pasteur realized he used old culture and not fresh culture
  • with fresh virulent culture of chicken cholera bacteria, he inoculated the chicken previously inoculated and one that was not
  • previously inoculated chicken lives and the one that wasn’t dies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

drugs that treat microbial diseases

A

chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

introduced “magic bullet” and selective toxicity

A

Ehrlich

24
Q

kills MOs without harming the patient

A

selective toxicity

25
Q

fungus that prevents growth of other MOs

A

penicillium notatum

26
Q

miracle drug

A

penicillin

27
Q

chemical produced from one MO (natural) that kills other MOs

A

antibiotic

28
Q

biological nitrogen fixation

A

N2—-> NH3 (ammonia)

29
Q

iron and sulfur oxidation- acid mine drainage

A

pyrite (Fes2) —-> ammonia

30
Q

isolate and study MOs present at low [ ] /proportions

A

enrichment culture and selective media

31
Q
  • prokaryotic
  • unicellular
  • some motile
  • cell wall
A

bacteria

32
Q
  • eukaryotic
  • unicellular (yeasts)/ multi (molds)
  • absorb dissolved nutrients
  • cell wall
A

fungi

33
Q
  • not cells (not eukaryotic or prokaryotic)
  • obligate parasites
  • small
  • RNA instead of DNA
A

viruses

34
Q
  • eukaryotic
  • unicellular
  • motile (flagella, cilia, amoeboid)
  • non photosynthetic
  • no cell wall
  • ingest particulate food
A

protozoa

35
Q
  • eukaryotic
  • photosynthetic
  • uni/multi cellular
  • cell wall
A

algae

36
Q

three domains created by Carl Woese

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

37
Q

Carl Woese distinguished between the members of the Archaea and the Bacteria using studies of their

A

ribosomal RNA

38
Q

Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis?

A

Koch

39
Q

A student is observing microorganisms in a sample of pond water. One organism of interest has an obvious nucleus, small oval structures containing a green pigment, and does not appear to be motile. In which of the following groups would this microbe most likely be classified?

A

Eukaryotes (algae)

40
Q

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?

A

lack cell structure

41
Q

Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by

A

Lister

42
Q

Prior to the work of ____________, scientists did not distinguish between members of the Archaea and the Bacteria

A

Carl Woese

43
Q

Who is credited with developing a vaccine against chicken cholera?

A

Pasteur

44
Q

Who provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?

A

Pasteur

45
Q

Who was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms?

A

van Leeuwenhoek

46
Q

Semmelweis used _____ to prevent puerperal fever transmission.

A

chlorine

47
Q

The first surgical antiseptic to be used was

A

Phenol

48
Q

If you wanted to increase your chances of isolating a member of the Archaea (rather than a member of another domain), which would be the best site to sample?

Intestine of an elephant

A 450C hot spring in Hawaii

A 950C hot spring in Yellowstone National Park

Skin of an elephant

A

A 950C hot spring in Yellowstone National Park

49
Q

In a search for new antibiotics, a previously unknown organism has been recovered from the soil. It is nonmotile and is composed of long threadlike structures formed from nucleated cells. It is not-photosynthetic and absorbs its nutrients. This organism will most likely be classified among the

A

Eukaryotes (fungi)

50
Q

Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox?

A

Jenner

51
Q

A new microbe was isolated from a water sample. The species was found to be motile and contained a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. After analysis, it was found to obtain necessary nutrients by ingesting other microbes. This species is a(n)

A

Protozoan

52
Q

The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called

A

spontaneous generation/abiogenesis

53
Q

Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease?

A

Koch

54
Q

The use of enrichment cultures and selective media was pioneered by

A

Beijerinck.

55
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the discovery of viruses?

chicken cholera is caused by a virus

mosquitoes can transmit viruses.

viruses pass through filters.

tobacco mosaic disease is caused by a virus.

A

chicken cholera is caused by a virus

Micro (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions