Ch.11 Flashcards
2 percent of people infected with this bacterium have gastric ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
A blood disease accompanied by high numbers of infected WBCs and monocytes
Septicemia
A build up of plaque, dietary carbohydrate, and acidogenic bacterial species are needed to form:
Dental caries
A class of relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits without affecting the other.
Commensalism
A collection of symptoms
Syndrome
A colorless and watery fluid, reflecting the conversion of the intestinal contents to a thin liquid like barley soup
Rice water stools
A complication of EHEC infection involving the kidneys and leading to kidney failure
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
A deposit of dense gelatinous material consisting of salivary proteins, trapped food debris, and an enormous mass of bacterial cells and their products
Dental plaque
A diffuse inflammation of the connective tissues of the skin
Cellulitis
A disease where the immune system attacks the body’s own nerves resulting in nerve damage and causing paralysis that can last several weeks
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)
A fatal complication of shigellosis
Bacterial dysentery
A few bacterial species secrete preformed bacterial toxins that when present in food result in
Food poisoning, which is a type of noninflammatory gastroenteritis
A kind of digestive system defense to prevent pathogen colonization and potential infection and disease in the stomach
Low pH that kills most microbes
A major cause of gastroenteritis in areas of the world where seafood(such as shellfish) is the main staple of the diet
Infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus
A neurotoxin that inhibits the release of acetylcholine causing muscles to lose their tone, a condition known as flaccid paralysis
Clostridium botulinum toxin
A pathogen that produces two toxins: an enterotoxin that causes fluid loss and a cytotoxin that causes further mucosal injury
Clostridium difficile
A rare nervous system disease; a complication of Campylobacter jejuni infection
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)
A serious disease of the soft tissue and bone supporting the teeth; bone resorption occurs and the periodontal ligament may be lost
Periodontitis
A severe form of acute gingivitis where spirochete and fusiform bacteria directly invade the underlying tissues, causing painful, bleeding gums and ulcerations.
Trench mouth
A severe infection of the colon that can lead to a grossly dilated bowel that could rupture or perforate
Pseudomembranous colitis
A severe, bloody diarrhea caused by EHEC
Hemorrhagic colitis
A solution of electrolytes and glucose designed to restore the normal balances in the body.
Oral rehydration solution (ORS)
A species of Shigella that causes deadly epidemic dysentery
Shigella dysenteriae
A substance that damages, destroys, or impairs the functioning of nerve tissue
Neurotoxin
A type of E.coli that causes an infection during birth where the E.coli cells attach to the intestinal mucosa, causing watery diarrhea and vomiting
Enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC)
A type of E.coli that penetrates the intestinal epithelium and produces two enterotoxins that cause gastroenteritis, one heat labile and the other heat stable leading to watery diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC)
A worldwide epidemic
Pandemic
Agent causing campylobacteriosis
Campylobacter jejuni
Agent causing shigellosis
Shigella sonnei
Agent causing yersiniosis
Yersinia enterocolitica
Agent responsible for the current seventh cholera pandemic that began in 1961 in Indonesia
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor
Agent responsible for the eighth cholera pandemic that began in 1992 in India
Vibrio cholerae O139 which is derived from El Tor
Agent responsible for the first six cholera pandemics documented since 1817
Vibrio cholerae O1 classic
Agent that causes the most common bacterial form of travelers diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC)
Agent that causes Staphylococcal food poisoning
Staphylococcus aureus
Agents causing Gingivitis
Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus species
Agents causing dental caries:
Gram positive streptococci: Streptococcus mutans and Strepotococcus sobrinus
Also called the digestive tract or alimentary canal
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Also known as Vincent infection or acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)
Trench mouth
Amount of bacteria present in the large intestine
Billions of bacterial cells per gram of contents
Amount of bacteria present in the small intestine
Relatively sparse due to the large variety of antimicrobial substances found in the stomach and the short residence of food in the small intestine
Amount of bacteria present in the stomach
Relatively low due to the low pH; Helicobacter pylori has mechanisms to survive acidity
An E.coli strain that releases Shiga toxins
Shiga toxin producing E.coli (STEC)
An infection in the lining of the small intestine caused by types of Salmonella species
Salmonellosis
An inflammation of the stomach and the intestines, usually with vomiting and diarrhea
Gastroenteritis
An occupational hazard of farmers, veterinarians, dairy and meat plant workers and others who work with large ruminant animals
Brucellosis
Anaerobic, spore forming,gram positive, rod
Clostridium difficile characteristics (O2, sporeforming or not, gram,shape)
As the dental plaque thickens, it becomes dominated by
Anaerobic species
B. abrotus
Zoonotic infection transmitted by cattle
B. canis
Zoonotic infection transmitted by dogs
B. melitensis
Zoonotic infection transmitted by goats and sheep
B. suis
Zoonotic infection transmitted by swine
Bacteria secreting toxins and enzymes including collagenase and hyaluronidase in
Gingivitis
Bacteria whose spores can germinate to vegetative cells and produce enterotoxins that lead to illness; causes food poisoning
Clostridium perfringens
Bacterial cells adhere to the pellicle and start converting the carbohydrates to acids, causing
Dental caries also known as tooth decay
Bacterial cells that are shed in feces and form endospores that can survive for months on surfaces contaminated with feces
Clostridium difficile
Bacterial GI infection can be one of two types
Inflammatory gastroenteritis or Invasive gastroenteritis
Bacterial transmission can occur by splashing milk into the eye, by the passage of contaminated fluids through skin abrasions, or by the consumption of contaminated milk or other dairy products
Brucellosis
Bacterium that is psychrotrophic and remains in a dormant like state in refrigerated and contaminated foods
Listeria monocytogenes
Before a stomach biopsy was used to detect an infection with this bacterium; today, a noninvasive urea breath test is used
Helicobacter pylori
Botulism, staphylococcal food poisoning, and clostridial food poisoning are examples of
Intoxications
Can be identified by growth on mannitol salt agar and strain involved can be known by testing with bacteriophages
Staphylococcus aureus
Can be used to treat strabismus, blepharospasm, stuttering, uncontrolled blinking, musicians cramp, and temporary relief of facial wrinkles
Botulism toxin type A (Botox or Dysport)
Can lead to even more serious problems, including higher blood sugar levels, increased risk of heart attack and stroke, and premature birth of babies in pregnant women
Periodontitis
Case where the chest and abdomen become covered with a faint rash indicating blood hemorrhage in the skin
Rose spots
Caused by an errant sneeze by a food handler and boils or abscesses on the skin that shed staphylococci into the food product
Staphyloccocal food poisoning
Caused by Clostridium perfringens
Clostridial food poisoning
Caused by exotoxin contaminated foods (usually protein rich food); incubation period is a brief 1 to 6 hours
Staphylococcal food poisoning
Caused by Listeria monocytogenes
Listeriosis
Caused by toxins produced in the anaerobic tissue of a wound infected with C. botulinum
Wound botulism
Causes an invasive gastroenteritis through tissue destruction of the ileum followed by multiplication in Payer patches
Yersinia enterocolitica
Causes Typhoid fever
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi)
Closely related groups of microorganisms or structures distinguished by their ability to bind to different antibodies
Serotypes
Composed of the cheeks, the hard and soft palates, and the tongue, and is bounded anteriorly by the teeth and lips and posteriorly by the oropharynx
Oral cavity
Condition where a pathogen crosses the blood brain barrier and causes headache, stiff neck, delirium and coma
Meningoencephalitis
Condition where antibiotics are of no value as a treatment; large doses of antitoxins are administered instead
Botulism
Condition where bacterial cells are transported to blood rich organs such as spleen and lymph glands.
Brucellosis
Condition where blood thickens, urine production ceases, and the sluggish blood flow to the brain leads to shock and coma
Cholera
Condition where extreme dehydration may occur since a patient may lose up to one liter of fluid every hour for several hours
Cholera
Condition where the key treatment is the restoration of the body water and electrolyte balance through interavenous injections of salt solutions or ORS
Cholera
Contaminates protein rich food, has an incubation period of 8 to 24 hours, and clinical symptoms require a high infectious dose
Clostridium perfringens
Depends on the nature of the toxin or microbe and the number of toxins or cells ingested
Clinical symptoms
During severe infections of this disease, meningoencephalitis, septicemia, and uterus infection with vague flu like symptoms might occur
Listeriosis
Encapsulated, gram negative, rod
Shigella species characteristics (Encapsulated or not, gram, shape)
Endospores existing in the intestines of humans and may reach the soil in manure and sewage
Clostridium botulinum
Enterotoxin secreted by Vibrio cholerae
Cholera toxin
Enterotoxin that is among the most heat resistant of all exotoxins
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
Exotoxin affecting enteric system (the intestines in particular)
Enterotoxin
Exotoxin of this bacterium is so powerful that one gram in an aerosolized form could kill one million people
Clostridium botulinum
Exotoxins released by Shigella species that can cause fever, abdominal pain, and bloody mucoid stools
Shiga toxin
Facultatively anaerobic, gram negative rods
E.coli characteristics (O2, gram, shape)
Facultatively anaerobic, gram positive, sphere that tends to grow in clusters
Staphylococcus aureus characteristics (O2,gram, shape)
Fever characterized by high fever with drenching sweats in the daytime and low fever with chills in the evening
Undulant fever
First reported of all types of foodborne diseases
Campylobacter related illnesses
Gingiva that bleed when brushing can be a sign of
Periodontal disease
Gram negative, curved rod
Vibrio parahaemolyticus characteristics (gram, shape)
Helps prevent cavities and helps teeth repair themselves by restoring the enamel
Fluoride application
If the enterotoxin is found in meats or cream sauces, this bacterium produces diarrhea but little vomitting. If it is present in starchy foods, substantial vomitting occurs
Bacillus cereus
If those bacterial cells are contracted during pregnancy, they might cross the placenta and cause miscarriage of the fetus or newborn meningitis
Listeria monocytogenes
Illness that can become invasive with symptoms of fever, malaise, arthritis, and jaundice in newborns, pregnant women, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals
Listeriosis
Illnesses acquired during a stay in a hosptial or long term care facility
Healthcare associated infections (HAIs)
Illnesses in which bacterial toxins are ingested in food or water
Intoxications
Illnesses in which live bacterial pathogens in food and water are ingested and subsequently grow in the body
Infections
Includes the organs that ingest, transport, digest the food into smaller usable components, absorb the necessary nutrients into the bloodstream, and expel the waste products from the body
Digestive system
Infants, elderly, immunocompromised individuals, and populations living in unsanitary and overcrowded conditions are
More likely to become ill from contaminated food or water.
Infection with this bacterium can become systemic and cause necrotic skin lesions and cellulitis; has a 50 percent mortality
Vibrio vulnificus
Intracellular bacterial cells that secrete a toxin that damages the membrane enveloping them so they cannot be destroyed by lysosomes
Listeria monocytogenes
Invades the small intestine, causing deep ulcers, bloody stools, and abdominal pain
S.Typhi
Involves bacterial invasion beyond the intestinal lumen leading to fever, diarrhea or vomitting and dysentery
Invasive gastroenteritis
Is characterized by diarrhea and or vomitting, and usually a fever, but there is no blood in the stool
Inflammatory gastroenteritis
Large infectious doses of bacterial cells are needed to initiate this illness, intestinal ulcerations are usually less severe than typhoid fever, and blood invasion is uncommon
Salmonellosis
Lengths of time during which the symptoms persist
Duration of illness
Less than 1000 bacilli can establish infection, is acid-tolerant, produces toxins at an unusually high rate, and can deliver toxins to the intestine area effectively
EHEC
Linked to unpasteurized milk and poultry products; infect chickens and turkeys
Salmonella serotypes
Main treatment of extensive tooth decay
Replacing the crown or root canal, or even tooth extraction
Main treatment option to seal and restore tooth decay
Fillings
Major cause of pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium difficile
Microaerophilic, gram negative, curved rod
Campylobacter jejuni characteristics (O2, gram, shape)
Microaerophilic, gram negative, curved rod
Helicobacter pylori characteristics (O2, gram, shape)
Motile, aerobic, gram negative, curved rods
Vibrio cholerae characteristics (motile or not,O2, gram, shape)
Motile, facultative, gram-negative,rod
Yersinia enterocolitica characteristics (motile or not, O2, gram, shape)
Motile, nonspore forming, facultatively anaerobic, gram negative rod
S. Typhi characteristics (motile or not, spore forming or not, O2, gram, shape)
Moves along the intestinal epithelium secreting an enterotoxin that stimulates the unrelenting loss of fluid and electrolytes
Vibrio cholerae
Nausea, abdominal cramps, vomitting, and diarrhea are
Common symptoms of intoxications and infections
Obligately anaerobic, spore forming, gram positive, rod
Clostridium perfringens characteristics (O2, spore forming or not, gram, shape)
Obligately anaerobic, spore forming, gram positive,bacillus
Clostridium botulinum characteristics (O2, spore forming or not, gram, shape)
One of the most common forms of periodontal disease which develops when plaque bacteria multiply and build up between the teeth and gums
Gingivitis
Oral bacteria can adhere to and colonize this structure above the gum line of free gingival margin
Dental pellicle
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Digestive organs
Organism that persists in a VBNC state and is able to survive in habitats and environments ranging from seawater to the human intestine tract; also inhabits the gut of copepod
Vibrio cholera
Outbreaks related to home canned foods
Botulism
Part of the indigenous microbiota but some of the serotypes might be pathogenic; are one of the major causes of infantile diarrhea
E.coli
Phyla of bacteria identified in the GI tract
(Bacterial Firms)Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes
Phyla of bacteria identified in the oral cavity
(Bacterial Firms Protected Actively) Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria.
Play a positive role in our ability to digest and process foods
Indigenous microbiota
Practicing good oral hygiene, (brushing, flossing, and tongue cleaning) along with professional tooth cleaning, are good preventive measures in the case of
Periodontal disease
Protects the body through microbial antagonism
Indigenous microbiota
Referred to as floppy baby syndrome
Infant botulism
Referring to a disease that is constantly present in a specific area or region
Endemic
Referring to a disease that spreads more quickly and more extensively within a population than normally expected
Epidemic
Refers to the lack of an adequate immune response resulting from disease, exposure to radiation, or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs
Immunocompromised
Results from the ingestion of soil or food contaminated with C. botulinum endospores (most often honey); affects infants 3 to 24 months old because they have not established the normal balance of bowel microbes
Infant botulism
Salmonellosis, shigellosis, and cholera are examples of
Infections; invasive gastroenteritis
Second most reported of all types of foodborne disease; might be the first due to unreported cases
Staphylococcal food poisoning
Second set of digestive organs that are outgrowths from and are connected to the GI tract
Accessory digestive organs
Serious condition caused by Clostridium botulinum
Botulism
Small, non sporeforming, facultatively anaerobic, gram positive rod, motile at room temperature
Listeria monocytogenes characteristics (size,spore forming or not, gram,shape, motile under which conditions)
Small, nonmotile, gram negative, rods
Brucella species characteristics (size, motile or not, gram, shape)
Spore forming, gram positive, bacillus
Bacillus cereus characteristics (spore forming or not, gram, shape)
Steps in tooth decay
Acid attacks minerals in the enamel, demineralization leads to a cavity in the enamel, bacterial cells and acids reach dentin, then the pulp, severe toothache pain, WBCs reach the spot to fight infection, tooth abscess occurs
Structures or molecules that increase a pathogens ability to invade or cause disease
Virulence factors
Surface in mouth that is coated with a thin organic film
Dental pellicle
Term coinned out at the microbial communities of the human intestines as a whole
The human intestinal microbiome
The ammonia and a cytotoxin released by this bacterium cause the destruction of the mucous-secreting cells exposing the underlying connective tissue to stomach acid
Helicobacter pylori
The delay before the appearance of symptoms after the ingestion and swallowing of a contaminated food or beverage
Incubation period
The five Fs mode of transmission of S. Typhi which is highly resistant to environmental conditions outside the body
Flies, food, fingers, feces, and fomites
The most common types of Salmonella involved in salmonellosis
S. enterica serotype Enteritidis and S. enterica serotype Typhimurium
The most dangerous strain of E.coli causing invasive gastroenteritis
Enterhemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC)
The most virulent of the vibrios occuring naturally in brackish and seawaters, where oysters and clams live
Vibrio vulnificus
The number of toxins or organisms consumed to give rise to symptoms of an illness
Toxic or infectious dose
The only hosts of S. Typhi
Humans
The organism first isolated by Koch in 1883
Vibrio cholerae
The passage of blood and mucous in the feces
Dysentery
The study of the causes of a disease
Etiology
The tooth hard, outer surface
Enamel
The toxins or microbes pass through the stomach into the intestine where they may directly affect gastrointestinal function or be absorbed into the bloodstream during the
Incubation period
Those have a longer incubation period than intoxications because bacterial cells must first establish themselves in the body after ingestion of the contaminated food or water
Bacterial GI infections
Three kinds of digestive system defenses to prevent pathogen colonization and potential infection and disease in the intestines
Surfaces coated with a layer of mucus, mucins and antibodies, and peristaltic action of the intestinal walls
Three mechanisms through which the newborn GI tract is colonized by microbiota
Contact with the parents diverse microbiota, contact with the surrounding, and short saccharides present in breast milk
Three kinds of digestive system defenses to prevent pathogen colonization and potential infection and disease in the oral cavity
Chewing, salivary flow, mucins and lysozymes
Three other kinds of digestive system defenses to prevent pathogen colonization and potential infection and disease in the intestines
Shedding of the epithelium, release of bile containing proteolytic enzymes, and Peyer patches.
Transmitted to humans by food contaminated with fecal matter, as well as by contaminated delicatessen cold cuts and soft cheese
Listeria monocytogenes
Uses the enzyme urease to turn urea into CO2 and ammonia; the latter neutralizes acid in the vicinity of the infection
Helicobacter pylori
Vibrio caused food illnesses
Vibriosis
When spores of this bacterium enter the anaerobic environment of cans or jars, they germinate to vegetative bacilli which produce exotoxins
Clostridium botulinum
Food poisoning is a type of
Noninflammatory gastroenteritis
A key reservoir of this bacterium in humans is the nose, but the most common mode of its transmission is from boils and abscesses on the skin
Staphylococcus aureus
An organism whose spores germinate if they survive heating, and produce enterotoxins that can cause food poisoning
Clostridium perfringens
Condition whose symptoms include blurred vision, slurred speech, and difficulty swallowing and breathing; it is due to a neurotoxin
Botulism
This is not considered as an infection but rather as an intoxication; involves a brief incubation period and quick resolution
Noninflammatory gastroenteritis
An inflammatory infection of colon
Inflammatory gastroenteritis
Bacterial GI infections have longer incubation period than intoxication and can be one of two types:
Inflammatory/Invasive gatroenteritis
High numbers of this bacterium are required to colonize the intestines because they are very susceptible to stomach acid
Vibrio cholera
One of the most widespread and potentially serious HAIs causing one type of inflammatory gastroenteritis is caused by
Clostridium difficile
Transmitted by the five Fs
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi
Bacterium that invades the small intestines, causing deep ulcers, bloody stools, and abdominal pain. Blood invasion leads to systemic illness: mounting fever, lethargy and delirium
Salmonella species
The Widal test is one of the most utilized tests for serological diagnosis of
Typhoid fever
In 30% of cases, a
a faint rash covers the abdomen indicating skin blood hemorrhage
Typhoid fever
Condition where infection of the large intestine results in dysentery
Shigellosis
Referred to as E.coli O157:H17
Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC)
Condition characterized by an undulant fever
Brucellosis
Disease that is caused by a prolonged use of antibiotics
Pseudomembranous colitis
