Ch.10 Flashcards
A complication of meningococcal meningitis where lesions form in the adrenal glands and causes hormone imbalances; caused by an endotoxin released in the blood
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
A complication of Streptococcal pharyngitis; an inflammation characterized by fever and joint pain
Rheumatic fever
A condition caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae in young adults and S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae among middle-aged and older individuals
Bacterial bronchitis
A dangerous form of meningitis caused by N. meningitidis that attaches to the nasopharyngeal mucosa by pili
Meningococcal meningitis
A delayed hypersensitivity test that begins with the application of a purified protein derivative (PPD) of M. tuberculosis to the skin
Tuberculin reaction
A distinctive “fried-egg” colony appears when this microorganism is put on blood agar
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
A form of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza Type b
Haemophilus meningitis
A form of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumococcal meningitis
A fragile organism that does not survive easily in the environment
N. meningitidis
A fragile, pleomorphic bacterium that is recognized as one of the smallest bacterial species causing human diseases
Mycoplasma pneumonia
A hard nodule consisting of phagocytosed but undestroyed bacilli, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts and forming a mass in the lung
Tubercle
A mild infection which causes an influenza-like illness that lasts 2 to 5 days but does not cause pneumonia
Pontaic fever
A more insidious form of pneumonia often including symptoms as fever, cough, headache, and myalgia.
Atypical pneumonia
A prophage-encoded exotoxin that inhibits the translation process by ribosomes resulting in a pseudomembrane is secreted by
Corynebacterium diphtheria
A term used to reflect the more widespread occurrence of Psittacosis in bird species
Ornithosis
A thick, raised, red welt
Induration
A type of Pneumonia that refers to patients complaining of a cough, fever, and chest pain
Typical pneumonia
Acid-fast bacteria causing TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Active tuberculosis developing throughout the body to the liver, kidney, meninges and bone
Miliary (disseminated) tuberculosis
Additional mechanical methods to eliminate microbes trapped in the mucus of the respiratory tract
Sneezing and coughing
Aerobic, club-shaped, gram-positive rod
Corynebacterium diphtheria characteristics (O2, Gram,shape)
Aerobic, gram-negative, rod
Legionella pneumophila characteristics (O2, gram, shape)
Agent of one type of pneumonia, causes primary disease or secondary disease in alcoholics or people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Klebsiella pneumonia
Agent of pneumococcal pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Agent of Q fever
Coxiella burnetii
Alveolar fluid containing IgG and lysozymes is a kind of
Filtering out foreign molecules in the LRT
Alveolar macrophages recruiting neutrophils from the pulmonary capillaries is a mechanism
To help clear the invaders of the LRT
An accumulation of dead tissue, mucus, WBCs, and fibrous materials
Pseudomembrane
An enzyme released by S. pyogenes and converts plasminogen into plasmin
Streptokinase
An unencapsulated bacterial strain that causes pneumonia in 10% of hospital-acquired pneumonia cases
Haemophilus influenzae
Bacteria often found on the skin
Group A streptococci (GAS)
Bacteria that are part of the skin microbiota and also present in external nares:
PC: Propionibacterium and Corynebacterium
Bacteria that could live and grow within the protective confines of waterborne protozoa living in aquatic environments
Legionella pneumophila
Bacterial cells grow and secrete toxins causing damage to pharyngeal tissue and inflammation of the tonsils and oropharynx in
Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)
Bacterial cells remain in clumps after multiplying and form a palisade arrangement
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Bacterium that exists where water collects(lakes, stagnant pools, air-conditioning units) and apparently becomes airborne in wind gusts and breezes
Legionella pneumophila
Bronchitis persisting for more than three months
Chronic bronchitis
Cause of the rash resulting in blood leaking through the walls of capillaries in Scarlet fever
Prophage-encoded erythrogenic exotoxins carried by certain strains of S. pyogenes
Caused by Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Chlamydial pneumonia
Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila
Atypical pneumonia
Caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus inluenza Type b
Bacterial meningitis
Caused by S. pyogenes and is carried in the troat;an inflammation of the tonsils;surgery was the standard treatment
Tonsillitis
Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae
Typical pneumonia
Causes Streptococcal pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, and acute glomerulonephritis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Condition caused by Bordetella Pertussis
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough
Condition caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Condition caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococus, or Pseudomonas whose treatment involves application of antibiotic ear drops
Otitis externa
Condition characterized by the infection and inflammation of the main airways to the lungs, an increase in mucus production, and narrowing of air passages
Acute bronchitis
Condition developing from a blockage at the openings to the sinuses
Acute sinusitis
Condition involving long-term infection, inflammation and damage to the middle ear and Eustachian tube obstruction
Chronic otitis media(COM)
Condition starting with a common cold infection of the URT by S.pneumoniae and H.influenza and then traveling through the Eustachian tube to the middle ear and causing fluid buildup and an environment for bacterial growth.
Acute otitis media
Condition where most individuals remain asymptomatic, while some experience a bronchopneumonia
Q fever
Condition where N. meningitidis invades the nonciliated epithelium and spreads to the blood
Meningococcemia
Condition whose symptoms resemble those of primary atypical pneumonia
Psittacosis
Damage arising from a response of the body’s antibodies to streptococcal M proteins cross reacting with similar proteins on heart muscle occurs in
Rheumatic heart disease
Disease consisting of an influenza-like URT infection caused by N. meningitidis
Meningococcal pharyngitis
Disease that does not develop unless the defenses of the body are compromised; mortality rate is highest among infants, the elderly, and those with underlying medical conditions.
Pneumococcal pneumoniae
Disease that is clinically similar to psittacosis and primary atypical pneumonia
Chlamydial pneumonia
Disease that occurs in older adults and people with a weakened immunity;Human-to-human transmission does not occur
Legionnaires’ disease
Disease transmitted from animals to humans
Zoonotic
Dormant form of TB where the tubercle undergoes fibrosis and calcification
Latent TB infection
DTaP vaccine
Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine
Encompasses both Legionnaires’ disease and Pontaic fever
Legionellosis
Facultative, gram-positive coccus
Streptococcus pyogenes characteristics (O2, Gram,shape)
Facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive coccus
Staphylococcus aureus characteristics (O2, gram, shape)
Fluid trapped in the sinuses and WBCs trying to fight the infection cause
Increased pressure in the sinuses and more pain
Fluid trapped in the sinuses becomes a nutrient growth medium for S. pneumonia and H. influenza
Acute sinusitis
Form of K. pneumonia which is characterized by sudden onset and gelatinous reddish-brown sputum
Primary lobar pneumonia
Form of K. pneumonia which occurs in already ill individuals and is a nosocomial disease
Secondary disease
Generation time is 18 hours and the incubation period is relatively long
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Gram-negative, rod
Coxiella burnetti characteristics (gram, shape)
Gram-negative, rod, opportunistic
Pseudomonas aeruginosa characteristics (gram, shape, opportunistic or not)
Gram-positive, diplococcus
Streptococcus pneumonia characteristics (gram, shape)
Have no cell wall, no gram reaction and no sensitivity to penicillin
Mycoplasma pneumonia
If Staphyloccoccus aureus cells infect the lungs, this condition occurs
Necrotizing pneumonia
Illness that occurs in previously healthy individuals and the organism differs from the typical pneumococcus
Primary atypical pneumonia
Immunization is done by injecting a toxoid which is part of the DtaP vaccine
Diphtheria
Immunization is done with Hib vaccine
Epiglottitis
Infection of the epiglotis by H. influenza or S. pneumonia
Epiglottitis
Infections occuring due to the excessive moisture in the ear canal, resulting in irritations and breaks in the skin of the canal and allowing bacterial cells to penetrate
Swimmer’s ear
Inflammation of the external ear
Otitis externa
Inflammation of the nasal passages
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the sinuses
Sinusitis
Initial stage of pertussis marked by general malaise and increasingly severe cough
Catarrhal
Injection of PPD intradermally into the forearm
Mantoux test
Involves the entrapment of microbes and particulate matter larger than 2 micrometers in a layer of mucus, which is then moved by ciliated epithelial cells towards the pharynx where it is either swallowed or expectorated
Mucociliary clearance
Large particles removed by hairs in the nostril is a kind of
Filtering out foreign molecules in the nose
Long-range effect of rheumatic fever resulting in permanent scarring and distortion of the heart valves
Rheumatic heart disease
Lower respiratory tract (LRT) is composed of:
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Lysozyme, lactoferrin, anionic antimicrobial peptide, IgA and IgG antibodies, human defensins, and vitamin D are
Antimicrobial substances found in URT preventing microbes from reaching LRT
Malnutrition, smoking, viral infections, and treatment with immuno-supressing drugs most often predispose one to
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections
MDR-TB
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
Merthiolate-killed B. pertussis cells found in
Diphteria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine
Metachromatic granules appear blue when those bacterial cells are stained with methylene blue
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Microbicidal substances present in the nasal fluid in the anterior region of the nasal mucosa is a kind of
Filtering out foreign molecules in the nose
Narrowing of the airways (especially the larynx) causing the person to exhibit stridor, a high pitched wheezing sound when breathing in or out, occurs in person having
Epiglottitis
Nonmotile, gram-negative, rod, prominent capsule
Klebsiella pneumonia characteristics (motile or not, gram, shape, encapsulated or not)
Nosocomial infection whose agent is commonly isolated from patients who have been hospitalized for more than a week or whose breathing is assisted with mechanical ventilation
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Not the result of a re-infection, but rather stems from a persistent biofilm that has colonized the middle ear tissue.
Chronic otitis media(COM)
Occurs after primary atypical pneumonia; a condition where blood invasion does not occur and the disease is rarely fatal.
Walking pneumonia
Occurs most often during winter and can be caused by a bacterial species following a URT viral infection
Infectious bronchitis
One of the most common causes of hospital-acquired pneumonia results from an infection by
Staphylococcus aureus
Opportunistic species that are part of the normal microbiota and cause serious illenesses in immunocompromised individuals; they are present in anterior nares, nasopharynx and oropharynx:
HSSN: Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Neisseria
Pharyngitis caused by S. pyogenes
Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)
Posterior two-thirds of the nasal mucosa involving mucociliary clearance to propel entrapped particles into the pharynx is a kind of
Filtering out foreign molecules in the nose
Prevalent in livestock, in areas where animals are raised, housed, or transported, and in improperly pasteurized milk
Coxiella burnetii
Primary TB infection that develops into the disease stage
Primary active TB disease
Produces exotoxins that paralyze the ciliated cells and impair mucus movement, potentially causing pneumonia
Bordetella Pertussis
Rapid-fire staccato coughs all in one exhalation, followed by a forced inhalation over a partially closed glottis (whoop)
Paroxysms
Rare inflammatory response to specific types of M proteins where Ag-Ab complexes accumulate in the glomerulus in the kidney; a complication of streptococcal pharyngitis
Acute glomerulonephritis
Reactivation of TB bacilli in the latent TB infection that develops into the disease stage
Secondary active TB disease
Region covered by alveolar fluid
LRT
Respiratory and other body tissues are literally consumed in this condition, giving it an alternate name of “consumption”
Tuberculosis
Responsible for Legionnaires’ disease
Legionella pneumophila
Results in boils that may develop into a more spreading infection under the skin(cellulitis) at the tips of the nose, or even cavernous sinus thrombosis
S.aureus infection.
Scattered patches of infection in the respiratory passageways
Bronchopneumonia
Second stage of pertusiss marked by disintegrating cells, mucus accumulation in the airways, and labored breathing
Paroxysmal
Serious condition that occurs when a localized infection develops into a blood infection that then invades the meninges
Acute bacterial meningitis
Shorterm infections of the middle ear are called
Acute otitis media
Sinusitis that has been ongoing for more than 8 to 12 weeks with more subtle symptoms and less pain
Chronic sinusitis
Small particles and suspended bacteria trapped in the mucus covering the nasal mucosa is a kind of
Filtering out foreign molecules in the nose
Small, aerobic, gram-negative rod
Bordetella pertussis characteristics(size,O2, Gram,shape)
Small, aerobic, nonmotile,non due to presence of a waxy cell wall, rod
Mycobacterium tuberculosis characteristics(size,O2,motile or not, Gram,shape)
Small, encapsulated, aerobic, gram-negative diplococcus whose capsule contains 14 serogroups, with B the major cause of mortality
Neisseria meningitidis characteristics (size, encapsulated or not,O2, Gram,shape)
Small, nonmotile,encapsulated, gram-negative rod
Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) characteristics(size,motile or not, encapsulated or not, Gram,shape)
Sore throat which is not a disease by itself but a nonspecific inflammatory response to toxins or pathogens:
Pharyngitis
Stage of TB where a person has a pulmonary infection and bacterial cells enter the alveoli
Primary TB infection
Symptoms of that disease include hearing impairment leading to serious long-term effects on language and educational progress
Chronic otitis media(COM)
TB patients with HIV test negative for the tuberculin skin test because
Without T-lymphocytes, they cannot produce the red welt signaling exposure.
TB vaccine using an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis
Bacille Calmette-Guerin
Term that means that parasites only grow inside host cells
Obligate, intracellular parasites
Test results for latent TB infection
Positive tuberculin reaction, positive or negative chest X ray and negative sputum test
Test results for primary active TB disease and secondary active TB disease
Positive tuberculin reaction, positive chest X ray and positive sputum test
Test results for primary TB infection
Positive tuberculin reaction, negative chest X ray and negative sputum test
Tetramune vaccine
DTaP and Hib
The four groups of sinuses are:
FEMS: Frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid.
The involvement of an entire lobe of the lung in pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
The involvement of both left and right lungs in pneumonia
Double pneumonia
Thickened pseudomembrane resulting in respiratory blockage causing suffocation, arrythmia, and coma are all complications of
Diphtheria
This condition is characterized by a build up of fluid in the alveoli
Pneumonia
Treatment aimed at improving sinus drainage by using nasal sprays and curing infection by using antibiotics
Acute and chronic sinusitis
Treatment requires antibiotics to eradicate the pathogen and antitoxins to neutralize the exotoxins
Diphtheria
Upper respiratory tract (URT) is composed of:
Nose, sinus cavities, and pharynx
XDR-TB
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
Zoonotic disease caused by Chlamydophila psittaci
Psittacosis
Diphteria exotoxin is encoded by corynebacterium-containing prophage called
Corynephage
Inflammation of the sinuses in connection to an inflammation of the nasal passages
Rhinosinusitis
Vents the middle ear to the nasopharynx
Eustachian tube
Ceruminous glands secrete this in the ear
Cerumen
Antibiotic ear drops and oral antibiotics are supplemented; surgery is recommended to clear the obstruction when the infection is controlled
Otitis media
Condition where infection through the meninges, brain, and spinal cord can be very rapid
Acute bacterial meningitis
Condition whose symptoms include stiff neck, pounding headache, and sensitivity to bright light
Acute bacterial meningitis
Organisms causing primary atypical pneumonia
Mucoplasma pneumoniae
Strawberry-like inflamed tongue is typical of
Scarlet fever
