Ch.11, Complex Designs Flashcards
Why are repeated measures used on smaller sample sizes?
Need fewer people; produces more power (probability of finding statistically significant results)
Why is individual difference not a confound in repeated measures?
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE VARIABLES DON’T MATTER; AN INDIVIDUAL’S MEASURES ARE JUST BEING COMPARED TO THAT INDIVIDUAL
Difference between carryover and sensitization effects
Carryover Effects: something about the condition specifically influences next condition (medication/drug carryover effects)
Sensitization Effect: specific type of carryover type, in which an experience in one condition makes participants extra sensitive to the manipulated variable in the next condition
Repeated Measures/Within Subjects
Each participant all levels of the independent variable
Dependent variable is measured at every level
Between Subjects/Independent Groups Designs
Comparing measures two groups
Within Subject Counterbalancing
Everyone does all possible orders, just in different order;
2 x 2 Between-Subjects Factorial Design
= 2 Independent Variables, 2 Levels of Variables, 4 Groups
Confirmatory Hypotheses:
researcher specifies what they expect to find
Exploratory Hypotheses:
researcher does not specify what results will be found
Directional Hypotheses:
you specify what the EXACT effect will be
Interaction Effect:
combined effects of the multiple independent variables; (an effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable depending on the level of the other independent variable)
Main Effect:
when we isolate the effect of one of the predictors and see what it did (if you wanted to compare playing games for 3 hrs with playing games for 6hrs and ignore the type of game completely DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS
What indicates an interaction on a graph?
When lines on graph cross, it is a disordinal INTERACTION, LINES CROSSING ALWAYS MEANS INTERACTION
Lines NOT parallel at any time is an INTERACTION^^^^^^^^^
Post Hoc Tests
Allow Researchers to compare the means of the levels of the independent variables
High-Order Factorial Designs
A design with three or more independent variables
2x2x2: 3 main effects (has three two way interactions, and one three way interactions)
Difference between OR and AND wording when discussing groupsn
A design with three or more independent variables
2x2x2: 3 main effects (has three two way interactions, and one three way interactions)
What do Two flat parallel lines indicate on a graph?
one main effect
What do two lines overlapping flat mean
Lines are overlapping flat: no main effect
What does “factorial” imply?
MORE THAN ONE INDEPENDENT VARIABLe, o
What is an ABAB design?
The ABAB design is also known as a time-series design or reversal design. In our imaginary experiment, an ABAB-design study will include: A—Baseline measurements of correct responses. B—Measurement of correct responses during intervention X. A—Baseline measurements of correct responses after intervention X is removed.
What is an ABA design?
The A-B-A design, which is also called the ABA design, is a method of behavioral intervention often used in Applied Behavior Analysis. This design utilizes a three-stage process that includes baseline measurement (A), treatment (B), and withdrawal (A).
AB design
A-B. An AB design is a two-part or phase design composed of a baseline (“A” phase) with no changes and a treatment or intervention (“B”) phase
Difference between multiple baseline design and reversal design
While reversal designs can be used to compare effects of interventions, multiple baseline designs provide experimental control for testing one intervention but do not compare different interventions.
