Ch.10, Repeated Measures

Question 1

Between-Subjects design

Answer 1

xevery participant experiences only one condition, and you compare group differences between participants in various conditions

Question 2

Pretest-intervention-posttest design:

Answer 2

weigh in participants before the program and weigh them after they participated in the program

Question 3

Repeated Measures Design

Answer 3

Measure a dependent variable more than once in the same participant

Question 4

Within-Subjects design:

Answer 4

participants engage in the control as well as the experimental condition

Question 5

Advantages of repeated measures

Answer 5

need fewer participants for repeated measures design, more power; meaning that with similar effect sizes you are more likely to reject the null hypothesis and find statistical significance than you are in a between subjects design, ability to detect the effect increases with less variation in responses (since it is the same people being measured rather than adding in more people), measure change across time

Question 6

Disadvantages:

Answer 6

not always possible to use repeated measures time wise, must follow the order effect (effect that occurs on the dependent variable because of the order of the levels of the independent variable/example, once participants undergo surgery we can’t go back and measure them how they were before)

Question 7

Order Effects

Answer 7

Occur when exposure to one level of the independent variable (one condition) influences the next level of the independent variable

Question 8

Practice Effects:

Answer 8

the more people do something, the better they become at it; participants may change answers after doing the response once or they get better at a task bc they’ve done it before

Question 9

Fatigue Effect:

Answer 9

participants become bored and tired with time, decreasing effort and performance

Question 10

Carryover Effect:

Answer 10

observed when the effects of a preceding condition spill over onto the following condition; getting participants to drink 16 oz of coffee every hour=isn’t accurate because that would buildup in their system

Question 11

Sensitization Effects:

Answer 11

after experiencing one condition of the independent variable, participants may react differently to the other conditions (seeing interviewees, reaction to the average one after seeing multiple good ones will likely be different)

Question 12

COUNTERBALANCING)

Answer 12

Expose participants to the conditions in different orders; we cannot totally eliminate order effects, but we can balance them across different conditions to which participants are exposed

Question 13

Within-Subjects Counterbalancing:

Answer 13

each participant receives all of the condition orders in the experiment

Question 14

Across Subjects Counterbalancing:

Answer 14

each participant receives a subset of the condition orders used in the experiment

Question 15

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Answer 15

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Question 16

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Answer 16

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Question 17

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Answer 17

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Question 18

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Answer 18

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Question 19

Washout Period:

Answer 19

time gap in between trials so carryover effects are reduced

Question 20

Latin Square

Answer 20

technique that uses a formula to ensure each condition appears in each position at least once; meaning that each condition precedes and follows every other condition once

Question 21

Differential Transfer

Answer 21

A situation in which an ordering produces a reaction to the dependent variable for that ordering only
^Counterbalancing cannot help this; better to choose a between subjects design instead

Question 22

attrition:

Answer 22

If * a washout period is too long you may deal with attrition: loss of participants from the study because they are no longer interested

Question 23

Matched Groups Design

Answer 23

Same participants don’t go through all of the conditions, but each one of many pairs of participants (matched according some measure that is relevant to the dependent measure) goes through a different condition

Question 24

Advantages of Matched Groups Design

Answer 24

Advantages: same as the repeated measures design and between-subjects designs (less variability among conditions which is a benefit of the repeated measures design, avoids order effects since each participant goes through only level of the independent variable, which is a benefit of the between subjects design)