Ch.1

Question 0

Overconfidence

Answer 0

The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements.

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (I-knew-it-all-along)

Question 2

Critical thinking

Answer 2

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Question 3

Scientific method

Answer 3

Francis bacon invented

Question 4

Theory

Answer 4

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations.

Question 5

Hypotheses

Answer 5

Testable predictions, often implied by a theory.

Question 6

Operational definitions

Answer 6

Statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables. Ex. Human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

Question 7

Replicate

Answer 7

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Question 8

Case study

Answer 8

A observation technique in which one person is studied In depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Question 9

Survey

Answer 9

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.

Question 10

False consensus effect

Answer 10

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share beliefs and behaviors.

Question 11

Population

Answer 11

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study.

Question 12

Random sample

Answer 12

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Question 13

Naturalistic observations

Answer 13

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Question 14

Correlate

Answer 14

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

Question 15

Scatter plots

Answer 15

A graphical cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. Slope of points suggests the directions of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter represents the strength in correlation.

Question 16

Illusory correlation

Answer 16

The perception of a relationship where none exists.

Question 17

Experiment

Answer 17

Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect in some behavior or mental process (dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experiment aims to control other relevant factors.

Question 18

Double-blind procedure

Answer 18

Experiment where the research staff and the participants are ignorant about whether the participants have received a treatment or placebo.

Question 19

Placebo effect

Answer 19

Effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.

Question 20

Experimental condition

Answer 20

The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Question 21

Control condition

Answer 21

The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Question 22

Random assignment

Answer 22

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing pre existing differences between those assigned to different groups.

Question 23

Independent variable

Answer 23

A experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Question 24

Dependent variable

Answer 24

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Question 25

Mode

Answer 25

The most frequently occurring score(s) in distribution.

Question 26

Mean

Answer 26

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores then dividing by how many there are.

Question 27

Median

Answer 27

The middle score in distribution; half the scores re above, half below.

Question 28

Range

Answer 28

Difference between the highest and lowest scored in the distribution.

Question 29

Standard deviation

Answer 29

Computed measure of how much scores may vary around the mean score.

Question 30

Statistical significance

Answer 30

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

Question 31

Culture

Answer 31

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.