Ch. 10

Question 0

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 0

Cognition

Question 1

Cognitive psychologists

Answer 1

Study these mental activities, including the logical and sometimes illogical ways in which we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgements.

Question 2

Concepts

Answer 2

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Question 3

Mental image or best example of a category.

Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category.

Answer 3

Prototype

Question 4

Development of concepts

Answer 4

We form concepts with definitions. For example, triangle has three sides. Mostly we for concepts with mental images or typical examples (prototypes). For example, robin is a prototype of a bird, but penguin is not.

Question 5

An attempt to find an appropriate way of attaining the goal when it’s not readily available.

Answer 5

Problem solving

Question 6

Problem solving methods

Answer 6

Trial/error

Algorithms

Question 7

Thomas Edison and light bulb filaments.

Answer 7

Trial/Error

Question 8

Algorithm

Answer 8

Step by step procedures that guarantee a solution to the problem.

Question 9

Shortcuts

Answer 9

Heuristics

Question 10

Insight

Answer 10

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to the problem. (All of a sudden the answer comes to you.) provides a sense of satisfaction.

Question 11

Tendency to search for information that confirms ones perception.
We seek evidence verifying our ideas more eagerly than we seek evidence that might refute them.

Answer 11

Confirmation bias

Question 12

Fixation

Answer 12

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving. Once you were stuck on the matches being two dimensional, then it’s hard to see them three dimensionally.

Question 13

Inability to solve a problem, because it is viewed only in terms of usual function.

Answer 13

Functional fixedness

Question 14

Mental set

Answer 14

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 15

Representative heuristic

Availability heuristic

Answer 15

Two types of heuristics

Question 16

Representative heuristic

Answer 16

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
Ex. Thinking that someone has a home or away game because they’re dressed up.

Question 17

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because if their vividness), we presume such events are common.
Ex. Casinos make noises and sounds and lights when people win, but nothing when they lose, and it stays silent. Making it more memorable when you win.

Answer 17

Availability heuristic

Question 18

Overconfidence

Answer 18

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements.
Ex. Our team rules!

Question 19

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.

Answer 19

Framing

Question 20

Belief bias

Answer 20

The tendency for ones pre existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
Ex. I believe In Santa

Question 21

Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been distracted.

Answer 21

Belief perseverance

Question 22

Language

Answer 22

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning to ourselves and others.

Question 23

One of the most famous linguists of all time. He believed that language will naturally occur.

Answer 23

Noam Chomsky

Question 24

Phonemes

Answer 24

The smallest distinctive sound units.

Remember; phones “hello can you hear me” sounds

Question 25

The smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word. ( such as a prefix )
Stars with M ( meaning )

Answer 25

Morpheme

Question 26

Grammar

Answer 26

A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Question 27

The set of rules by which we derive meaning in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

Answer 27

Semantics

Question 28

Syntax

Answer 28

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

Question 29

Children learn their native language before they can add 2+2

Answer 29

Language development

Question 30

Babbling stage

Answer 30

Beginning at 4 months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds, like ah-goo. Babbling is not imitation of adult speech.

Question 31

Beginning at or around his first birthday, a child starts to speak one word at a time and is able to make family members understand him. The word doggy may mean ‘look at the dog out there.’

Answer 31

One word stage

Question 32

Two word stage

Answer 32

Before the second year a child starts to speak In two word sentences. This form of speech is called telegraphic speech.

Question 33

Telegraphic speech, according to linguistics and psychology, is speech during the two-word stage of language acquisition in children, which is laconic and efficient. Two or three word sentences.

Answer 33

Telegraphic speech

Question 34

Linguistic determinism

Answer 34

People of different languages have different thought processes.