Ch. 8 Flashcards
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist was studying the digestive system of dogs. Came up with CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.
Classical conditioning
Type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus.
Classical conditioning parts
Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response.
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Produces a response without prior learning.
Unconditioned response (UR)
Unlearned response that is automatically associated with the Unconditioned stimulus.
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Stimulus that does not elicit any response. Same as conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Previously the Neutral stimulus that elicits the conditioned response after being paired with the Unconditioned stimulus.same as neutral stimulus.
Conditioned response (CR)
Learned response to the conditioned stimulus.
Ex. My brothers chased me around with snakes when I was little. Now I am afraid if snakes.
US: brother chasing you UR: scared, or fear NS: snakes CS: snakes CR: fear
Ex. A little girl is stung by a bee while smelling a flower. Now she is afraid of flowers.
US: being stung UR: fear, NS: flower CS: flower CR: fear
Ex. I fall asleep while studying psychology. Now every time I look at my psychology book, I yawn.
US: studying UR: fall asleep NS: psych book CS: psych book CR: yawning, falling asleep
Ex. I was in a car accident, now everytime I drive, I am very nervous and tense.
US: accident UR: nervous and tense NS: driving CS: driving CR: nervous and tense
Ex. My boyfriend works at Burger King, and every time I visit him he gives me a kiss. Now I’m sexually aroused when I smell onion breath.
US: boyfriends kiss UR: arousal NS: onion breath CS: onion breath CR: arousal
A crying baby wants to eat. A nursing mother finds that her milk lets down every time she hears her baby cry even when it’s not time.
US: feeding time UR: milk lets down NS: crying baby CS: crying baby CR: milk lets down
Acquisition
The pairing of the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus so the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response. Often in classical conditioning the pairing between the US and NS must occur several times before it comes to elicit the CR.
Taste aversion
Acquisition only takes one time because the response is so strong.
Protection from our environment.
Generalization
Tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the CR.
little Alberts generalized fear.
(Because of an experience with golden retrievers you’re afraid of all dogs in general.)
Discrimination
Learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
Afraid of just golden retrievers and not dogs in general.
A golden retriever jumps up one little boy. Now every time he sees a dog, he whimpers.
US: jumping dog UR: whimpers NS: dog CS: dog CR: whimpers Generalizing stimulus: all dogs Discriminating stimulus: golden retrievers
Extinction
The weakening of the CR in the absence of the US.
Spontaneous recovery
The CR can appear again without further conditioning.
Associated learning
Learning that certain events occur together. He events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and it’s consequences (operant conditioning).
Classical conditioning
Type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. Neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the US.
Behaviorism
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes, most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; skinners term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
Law of effect
Thorndikes principle that rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur.
Operant chamber
Chamber known as a SKINNER BOX, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used I operant conditioning research.
Shaping
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Edward thorndike
Came up with law of effect.
B.F Skinner
He was behaviorism’s most influential and controversial figure. Well known for his pioneering studies with rats. Operant chamber (skinner box)
Reinforcement
A stimulus or an event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
Primary reinforcer
One that satisfies a biological need
Food or drink
Secondary reinforcer
(Conditioned) - one that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and has acquired value and reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behavior by presenting a positive stimulus.
Negative reinforcement
Increasing a behavior by taking away an aversive stimulus.
Ex. Fastening your seat belt so the beeping stops
Punishment
When an unpleasant consequence decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated.
Positive punishment
Adding something aversive that decreases the likelihood to behavior will be repeated.
Ex. Speeding ticket
Negative punishment
Withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be repeated.
Ex. Taking phone away.
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Every time the desired behavior occurs, it is reinforced. The behavior is learned quickly, but it extinguishes quickly.
Partial reinforcement schedule
Reinforcement occurs intermittently. Learning takes longer, but results are more persistent and stable.
Fixed ratio schedule
Specific number if correct responses is required before reinforcement occurs.
FIXED: Predictable
RATIO: events
Ex. A rat must push a bar 20 times before getting a food pellet,
Variable ratio schedule
Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of correct responses.
VARIABLE: random
RATIO: events
Ex. A rat continuously presses a bar, until it gets a food pellet. Sometimes after 5, sometimes 15.
Fixed interval schedule
Reinforcement occurs only after a specific amount of time has elapsed.
FIXED: predictable
INTERVAL: time
A rat received a food pellet every two minutes, no matter how many times it presses the bar.
Variable interval schedule
Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable amount of time elapses.
VARIABLE: unpredicted
INTERVAL: time
A rat is reinforced after 5 seconds, then 15 seconds later, then 3 seconds later, no matter how much it presses the bar.
Stimulus-stimulus learning
Associating one stimulus with another.
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Ex. Grandma and Facebook.
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of ones environment.
Ex. Rats maze
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
Ex. Makes me feel good.
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats and punishments.
Ex. Money, cell phone
Learning by observation
Learning by observing others.malso called social learning.
Modeling
Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
Mirror neurons
Frontal love neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.
(When you feel like you connect to a movie character and cry or upset)
Albert Bandura
Observational learning
Bobo doll study indicated that individuals or children, learn by imitating others who receive rewards and punishments.
