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AP Psych > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Biological psychology

A

Branch of psychology concerned with links between biology and behavior.

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1
Q

Phrenology

A

Franz Gull, bumps on skull represented mental abilities.

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2
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell, containing many different parts.

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3
Q

Dendrite

A

Receives messages from other cells, branches off cell body.

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4
Q

Axon

A

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon of some neurons, helps speed up neural impulses.

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6
Q

Action potential

A

Neural impulse. Brief electrical charge that travels down the axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the Axons membrane.

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7
Q

Threshold

A

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

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8
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at the junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft.

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9
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers between neurons.

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10
Q

ACh

A

Neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and triggers muscle contraction.

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11
Q

Endorphins

A

“Morphine within” - natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain and control.

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12
Q

Nervous system

A

The body’s speedy electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system.

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13
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

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15
Q

Nerves

A

Bundled axons, connect the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and sense organs.

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16
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.

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17
Q

Motor neurons

A

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.

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18
Q

Interneurons

A

Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory outputs and the motor outputs

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19
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called SKELETAL nervous system.

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20
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of peripheral nervous system, contains glands and muscles of the internal organs.

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21
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body.

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22
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body.

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23
Q

Reflex

A

Simple automatic inborn response to a sensory stimulus.

24
Q

Lesions

A

Tissue destruction.

25
Q

Neural networks

A

Interconnected neural cells.

26
Q

Endocrine system

A

Body’s “slow” chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

27
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, produced in one tissue and effect another.

28
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys, secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which helps to arouse the body in times of stress.

29
Q

Pituitary glands

A

Helps you grow

30
Q

EEG

A

Amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweeps across the brains surface. Measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

31
Q

PET scan

A

Visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a certain task.

32
Q

MRI

A

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images that distinguish between different types of soft tissue. See structures within the brain.

33
Q

fMRI

A

Revealing blood flow and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans, which show brain anatomy. fMRI scan shows brain function.

34
Q

Brain stem

A

automatic survival functions.

35
Q

Medulla

A

Heartbeat and breathing

36
Q

Reticular formation

A

Sleep cycle

37
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory switchboard, directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

38
Q

Hippocampus

A

Neural system in the Limbic system, memory storage.

39
Q

Pons

A

Extension of spinal cord.

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

Little brain, sensory Input, balance.

41
Q

Limbic system

A

Donut shaped system of neural structures, associated with emotions, drives, includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

42
Q

Amygdala

A

Lima bean sized neural clusters, emotion.

43
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Neural structure, below the thalamus, eating, drinking, body temp.

44
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Interconnected neural cells that cover the cerebral hemispheres. Processing center.

45
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells in the nervous system, support, nourish, and project neurons.

46
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying behind the forehead. Speaking and muscle movements, plans and judgements.

47
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Portion of the cerebral cortex, lying at the back if the head, vision.

48
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Lying and the top of the head, touch and body position

49
Q

Temporal lobes

A

By your temples, above the ear, hearing.

50
Q

Motor cortex

A

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes, that controls voluntary movements.

51
Q

Sensory cortex

A

Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement, sensations.

52
Q

Association areas

A

Areas in the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions, rather they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

53
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage, either to Broca’s area or wernickes area.

54
Q

Broca’s area

A

Controls language expression,directs muscle movements for speech.

55
Q

Wernickes area

A

Controls language reception, language comprehension.

56
Q

Plasticity

A

Brains capacity for modification.

57
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Large band of neural fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. Carries messages between them.

58
Q

Split brain

A

Condition in which the two hemispheres if the brain are isolated by cutting the corpus callosum.

AP Psych (10 decks)

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