Ch08 -Social n Personality dep. in the Preschool years Flashcards
self-concept
a person’s identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
collectivistic orientation
a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence (Asian culture)
individualistic orientation
a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual (Western culture)
Social learning and gender
children learn gender-related behavior and expectations from their observation of others’ behavior
gender identity
the perception of oneself as male or female
Androgynous
having physical characteristics of both sexes
function play
play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 yrs old
constructive play
children manipulate objects to produce or build sth
parallel play
children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other
onlooker play
children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves
associative play
2 or more children share or borrow toys or materials, tho they do not do the same thing
cooperative play
children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests
Authoritarian parents
controlling, punitive, rigid, cold, whose word is law
Permissive parents
provide lax and inconsistent feedback, require little of their children
Authoritative parents
firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way
Uninvolved parents
show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior
child abuse
neglect is the most frequent form of abuse
Abuser of young child (who)
stepfather
Cycle of violence hypothesis
the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children
Psychological maltreatment
the abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm children’s behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning
Heteronomous morality
Piaget’s view of moral dep.– the earliest stage of cognitive dep: rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable (ex: children believe that there is only one way to play a game, every other way is wrong)
Prosocial Behavior
helping behavior that benefits others
Instrumental aggression
aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal (ex: playing with a desirable toy that another child is playing with)
modeling aggression
social learning approaches to aggression contend that aggression is based on observation and prior learning (Bobo doll experiment–show how the adult model’s aggressive behavior is imitated by children who had viewed the aggressive behavior)
