Ch08 -Social n Personality dep. in the Preschool years

Question 1

self-concept

Answer 1

a person’s identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual

Question 2

collectivistic orientation

Answer 2

a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence (Asian culture)

Question 3

individualistic orientation

Answer 3

a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual (Western culture)

Question 4

Social learning and gender

Answer 4

children learn gender-related behavior and expectations from their observation of others’ behavior

Question 5

gender identity

Answer 5

the perception of oneself as male or female

Question 6

Androgynous

Answer 6

having physical characteristics of both sexes

Question 7

function play

Answer 7

play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 yrs old

Question 8

constructive play

Answer 8

children manipulate objects to produce or build sth

Question 9

parallel play

Answer 9

children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other

Question 10

onlooker play

Answer 10

children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves

Question 11

associative play

Answer 11

2 or more children share or borrow toys or materials, tho they do not do the same thing

Question 12

cooperative play

Answer 12

children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests

Question 13

Authoritarian parents

Answer 13

controlling, punitive, rigid, cold, whose word is law

Question 14

Permissive parents

Answer 14

provide lax and inconsistent feedback, require little of their children

Question 15

Authoritative parents

Answer 15

firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way

Question 16

Uninvolved parents

Answer 16

show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior

Question 17

child abuse

Answer 17

neglect is the most frequent form of abuse

Question 18

Abuser of young child (who)

Answer 18

stepfather

Question 19

Cycle of violence hypothesis

Answer 19

the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children

Question 20

Psychological maltreatment

Answer 20

the abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm children’s behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning

Question 21

Heteronomous morality

Answer 21

Piaget’s view of moral dep.– the earliest stage of cognitive dep: rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable (ex: children believe that there is only one way to play a game, every other way is wrong)

Question 22

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 22

helping behavior that benefits others

Question 23

Instrumental aggression

Answer 23

aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal (ex: playing with a desirable toy that another child is playing with)

Question 24

modeling aggression

Answer 24

social learning approaches to aggression contend that aggression is based on observation and prior learning (Bobo doll experiment–show how the adult model’s aggressive behavior is imitated by children who had viewed the aggressive behavior)