CH02- Prenatal Development

Question 1

zygote | ˈzīˌɡōt |

Answer 1

The new cell formed by the process of fertilization.

Question 2

gametes | ˈɡamˌēt, ɡəˈmēt |

Answer 2

The male and female reproductive cells (sperm and ovum, respectively) that unite during sexual reproduction to form a zygote (fertilization).

Question 3

chromosomes

Answer 3

rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs.

In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46.

Question 4

mitosis

Answer 4

a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells. / The duplication and distribution of chromosomes.

Question 5

monozygotic twins

Answer 5

Twins who are genetically identical.

Question 6

dizygotic twins

Answer 6

Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time.

Question 7

genotype

Answer 7

The underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism.

Question 8

phenotype

Answer 8

An observable trait.

Question 9

Down syndrome

Answer 9

A disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the twenty-first pair; aka “mongolism”.

Question 10

CVS (chorionic villus sampling)

Answer 10

A test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hair-like material that surrounds the embryo. Done at 8 to 11 weeks.

Question 11

Temperament

Answer 11

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual.

Question 12

Fertilization

Answer 12

The process by which a sperm and an ovum (male and female gametes) join to form a single new cell (zygote).

Question 13

Prenatal development

Answer 13

Stages of the Prenatal Period:

• Germinal (fertilization to 2w)- shortest stage; blastocyst travels to and implants in the uterus.
• Embryonic (2w to 8w)- Organism firmly secures to the uterus and called an embryo (3 layers: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm). Development of major organs and basic anatomy.
• Fetal (8w to birth)- Organism now called a fetus.

Question 14

Blastocyst

Answer 14

The fertilized egg.

Question 15

Endoderm

Answer 15

The inner layer of the embryo, produces the digestive system, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system.

Question 16

Artificial insemination

Answer 16

A process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a physician.

Question 17

Age mother risk

Answer 17

> = 30

adolescence

Question 18

Aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Answer 18

if mothers with AIDS are treated with antiviral drugs such as AZT during pregnancy, < 5% of infants are born with the disease.

Question 19

Marijuana

Answer 19

used during pregnancy can restrict the oxygen that reaches the fetus. Its use can lead to infants who are irritable, nervous, and easily disturbed.
Children exposed to marijuana prenatally show learning and memory deficits at the age of 10.

Question 20

FAE (fetal alcohol effects)

Answer 20

A condition in which children display some, though not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.