Ch06- Social n Personality Dep. in Infancy

Question 1

Nonverbal expression of emotion

Answer 1

nonverbal encoding- we are born with the capacity to display basic emotions

Question 2

Separation Anxiety

Answer 2

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs >application

Question 3

Social referencing

Answer 3

the intentional search for information about others’ feeling to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events (first occur around 8-9 mths) >application: kids seek answers for things they dont know

Question 4

Empathy

Answer 4

an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person

Question 5

Attachment styles

Answer 5

• secure attachment pattern: children use the mother as a kind of home base n are at ease when she is present; become upset when she leaves, go to her asa she returns. (important!)
• avoidant attachment pattern: children do not seek proximity (closeness) to the mom
• ambivalent attachment pattern: children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to the mom (show distress when mom leaves, when she returned they may seek close contact but also hit n kick her)
• disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern: children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior (approach the mom when she returns but not look at her)

Question 6

interactional Synchrony

Answer 6

caregivers respond to infants appropriately and both caregiver and child match emotional states ->more likely to produce secure attachment

Question 7

personality

Answer 7

the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another

Question 8

Erikson

Answer 8

• trust vs. mistrust (the first 18 mths): depend on how well their needs are met by their caregivers
• autonomy vs. shame n doubt (toddlers aged 18mths to 3yrs): develop independence n autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame n self-doubt if they are restricted n overprotected

Question 9

Thomas and Chess

Answer 9

• easy babies: generally positive, body functions operate regularly, n they are adaptable
• difficult babies: negative moods, slow to adapt, tend to withdraw
• slow-to-warm babies: inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their env. their moods are generally negative, withdraw from new situation, adapt slowly

Question 10

goodness-of-fit

Answer 10

the notion that development is dependent on the degree of match between children’s temperament and the nature and the demands of the env in which they are being raised

Question 11

gender

Answer 11

the sense of being male or female