Ch05- Cognitive dep in infancy

Question 1

Piaget

Answer 1

Argued that growth proceeds in 4 distinct stages in which the quality of cognition differs from one stage to the next. (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational)

• scheme: organized patterns of functioning that adapt and change with metal development– P suggests that human thinking is arranged into schemes
• assimilation: ppl understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive dep. and way of thinking
• accommodation: changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events

Question 2

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 2

Piaget’s initial major stage of cognitive dep., which can be broken down into 6 substages.
substage 1: simple reflexes (ex: the sucking reflex causes the infant to suck at anything placed in its lips)

Question 3

Circular reaction

Answer 3

Activities that engage baby’s interests are repeated simply for the sake of continuing to experience them

• Primary: schemes reflecting an infant’s repetition of activities just for the enjoyment of doing them.
• Secondary: schemes regarding repeated actions that bring about desirable consequences.
• Tertiary: schemes regarding the deliberate variation actions that bring desirable consequences.

Question 4

Goal-directed behavior

Answer 4

substage 4- several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem.

Question 5

Object permanence

Answer 5

the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen

Question 6

substage 6

Answer 6

last stage (18mths to 2 yrs) -the capacity for mental presentation (symbolic thoughts). By this stage, infants can imagine where objects might be that they cannot see

Question 7

mental representation

Answer 7

an internal image of a past event or object

Question 8

Information processing approaches

Answer 8

the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information.

• Info processing has 3 basic aspects:
• encoding: initial recording of info (encode selectively, picking and choosing the info to which they will pay attention)
• storage: info saved for future used
• retrieval: material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and used.

Question 9

infantile amnesia

Answer 9

the lack of memory for experiences that occurred prior to 3 years of age

Question 10

implicit memory

Answer 10

consists of memories of which we are not consciously aware but that affect performance and behavior (ex: how to climb a stairway)

Question 11

explicit memory

Answer 11

memory that is conscious and can be recalled intentionally (ex: try to recall a name or phone number)

Question 12

Language

Answer 12

def: the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication
From sounds to symbols:
-Phonemes (basic sounds, can be combined to produce words and sentences)
-Morphemes (smallest language unit that has meaning, complete words)
-Semantics (rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences)
def:
babbling: making speech-like but meaningless sounds
holophrases: one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used
telegraphic speech: speech in which words not critical to the message are left out
overextension: the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning

Question 13

Learning theory approach and language

Answer 13

the theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning (parents react to children saying “da da”..)

Question 14

linguist Noam Chomsky

Answer 14

universal grammar theory: all the world’s languages share a similar underlying structure

Question 15

Language-acquisition device (LAD)

Answer 15

a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit the understanding of language