Ch. 9 Knowledge

Question 1

Created by humans

Answer 1

Artifact Concept

Question 2

Process by which things are placed in categories. (helps navigate, predict, understand cases we’ve never encountered before.

Answer 2

Categorization

Question 3

Membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents the category

Answer 3

Prototype approach to categorization

Question 4

“typical” member of a category. (you think of this as the epitome image of an object) Characteristic features.

Answer 4

Prototype theory

Question 5

Must have all features of category to be considered part of the category

Answer 5

Defining Feature

Question 6

Concept is represented by multiple examples.

Answer 6

Exemplar Approach

Question 7

Somethings are better examples of concept than others. Robin is a more ______ bird than a penguin.

Answer 7

Typicality Effects

Question 8

Level of abstraction which the most category cuts are made.

Answer 8

Basic Level

Question 9

A way of storing shared properties just at a higher-level node

Answer 9

Cognitive Economy

Question 10

Causes a general loss of knowledge for all concepts.

Answer 10

Semantic Dementia

Question 11

Part of the brain that is typically damaged when semantic dementia is experienced.

Answer 11

Anterior temporal lobe

Question 12

According to this model, areas of the brain that are associated with specific functions are connected to the ATL

Answer 12

Hub and Spoke

Question 13

” A series of pulses presented to a particular area of the brain for seconds or minutes temporarily interferes with brain functioning in that area.”

Answer 13

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 14

This correspondence between words related to specific parts of the body and the location of brain activity is called _______ ________.

Answer 14

Semantic somatotopy

Question 15

__________states that our knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object.

Answer 15

Embodied approach

Question 16

Shared properties are stored at higher-level nodes

Exceptions are stored at lower nodes

Answer 16

Cognitive Economy

Question 17

Concept are represented in networks that contain nodes and links like semantic networks, but operate very differently. Input, hidden units, output units

Answer 17

Connectionist Approach

Question 18

_________states that if a person satisfies a specific condition (being of legal drinking age), then he or she gets to carry out an action (being served alcohol). “

Answer 18

Permission schema, which states that if a person satisfies a specific condition (being of legal drinking age), then he or she gets to carry out an action (being served alcohol).

Question 18

_________states that if a person satisfies a specific condition (being of legal drinking age), then he or she gets to carry out an action (being served alcohol). “

Answer 18

Permission schema, which states that if a person satisfies a specific condition (being of legal drinking age), then he or she gets to carry out an action (being served alcohol).

Question 19

Knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties

Answer 19

Conceptual Knowledge

Question 20

Elements representing concepts

Answer 20

Nodes

Question 21

An activity that spreads out along any link that is connected to an activated node.

Answer 21

Spreading activation

Question 22

This processes propose that concepts are represented by activity that is distributed across a network.

Answer 22

Parallel distributed processing

Question 23

In the Connectionist model, this determines how signals sent from one until either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit.

Answer 23

Connection Weight

Question 24

The learning process occurs when the erroneous responses in the property units cause an ________ to be sent back through the network, by a process called __________.

Answer 24

Error Signal, back propagation

Question 25

This property, in which disruption of performance occurs only gradually as parts of the system are damaged, is called _______________.

Answer 25

graceful degradation

Question 26

This property, in which disruption of performance occurs only gradually as parts of the system are damaged, is called _______________.

Answer 26

graceful degradation