Ch. 9 Knowledge Flashcards
Created by humans
Artifact Concept
Process by which things are placed in categories. (helps navigate, predict, understand cases we’ve never encountered before.
Categorization
Membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents the category
Prototype approach to categorization
“typical” member of a category. (you think of this as the epitome image of an object) Characteristic features.
Prototype theory
Must have all features of category to be considered part of the category
Defining Feature
Concept is represented by multiple examples.
Exemplar Approach
Somethings are better examples of concept than others. Robin is a more ______ bird than a penguin.
Typicality Effects
Level of abstraction which the most category cuts are made.
Basic Level
A way of storing shared properties just at a higher-level node
Cognitive Economy
Causes a general loss of knowledge for all concepts.
Semantic Dementia
Part of the brain that is typically damaged when semantic dementia is experienced.
Anterior temporal lobe
According to this model, areas of the brain that are associated with specific functions are connected to the ATL
Hub and Spoke
” A series of pulses presented to a particular area of the brain for seconds or minutes temporarily interferes with brain functioning in that area.”
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
This correspondence between words related to specific parts of the body and the location of brain activity is called _______ ________.
Semantic somatotopy
__________states that our knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object.
Embodied approach
Shared properties are stored at higher-level nodes
Exceptions are stored at lower nodes
Cognitive Economy
Concept are represented in networks that contain nodes and links like semantic networks, but operate very differently. Input, hidden units, output units
Connectionist Approach
_________states that if a person satisfies a specific condition (being of legal drinking age), then he or she gets to carry out an action (being served alcohol). “
Permission schema, which states that if a person satisfies a specific condition (being of legal drinking age), then he or she gets to carry out an action (being served alcohol).
_________states that if a person satisfies a specific condition (being of legal drinking age), then he or she gets to carry out an action (being served alcohol). “
Permission schema, which states that if a person satisfies a specific condition (being of legal drinking age), then he or she gets to carry out an action (being served alcohol).
Knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties
Conceptual Knowledge
Elements representing concepts
Nodes
An activity that spreads out along any link that is connected to an activated node.
Spreading activation
This processes propose that concepts are represented by activity that is distributed across a network.
Parallel distributed processing
In the Connectionist model, this determines how signals sent from one until either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit.
Connection Weight
The learning process occurs when the erroneous responses in the property units cause an ________ to be sent back through the network, by a process called __________.
Error Signal, back propagation
This property, in which disruption of performance occurs only gradually as parts of the system are damaged, is called _______________.
graceful degradation
This property, in which disruption of performance occurs only gradually as parts of the system are damaged, is called _______________.
graceful degradation
