Ch. 7 LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation Flashcards
The process used to get information into long term memory
Encoding
Bringing information into consciousness by transferring it from LTM to Working Memory
Retrieval
Rehearsal that is not encoded. This type of rehearsal results in little or no encoding and therefore poor memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal
This type of rehearsal is done when you find a way to relate stimuli to something meaningful, that results in encoding and therefore better memory.
Elaborate Rehearsal
According to this theory, memory depends on the “depth of processing” that an item receives.
Levels of processing theory
This process distinguishes between “shallow processing” and “deep processing”.
Depth of processing
This process involves little attention to meaning, as when a phone number is repeated over and over or attention is focused on a words physical features such as whether it is printed in lowercase or upper case.
Shallow processing
This type of process involves close attention and elaborative rehearsal that focuses on an item’s meaning and its relationship to something else.
Deep processing
Inability to remember episodic events
Amnesia
Inability to encode, store, or retrieve any NEW episodic memories AFTER brain damage.
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to remember information that was encoded normally and accessed easily BEFORE brain damage.
Retrograde Amnesia
What type of memories was H.M. not able to create after the removal of his MTL, including the hippocampus?
New long term memories
This type of organization is used when Items are clustered together to form categories
Hierarchical Organization
This type of technique is used to help you memorize lists of words by adding meaning to otherwise meaningless lists of items.
mnemonic techniques
Learning that is associated with a particular INTERNAL STATE such as mood and state of awareness.
State-dependent learning
A principle that states we encode information along with its context.
Encoding Specificity
When studying is broken into a number of short sessions. People tend to remember information longer when they acquire it through distributed practice.
Spacing effect
Consolidation occurs when repeated simultaneous activation by MTL structures link different cortical regions to each other, which represent the memory in different modalities (visual, tactile, auditory, etc.)
Consolidation
Improved ability to remember if tested in the same environment as the initial learning environment
Consolidation
A task in which a participant is presented with retrieval cues to aid in recall of the previously experienced stimuli
Cued-recall task
Recall that happened when participant is simply asked to recall stimuli
Free recall
Information never encoded into long term memory
Encoding Failure
Memories fade away or decay gradually if unused
Decay Theory
Forgetting that is NOT caused by mere passage of time, but caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory.
Interference theory
Learning a new item interferes with your ability to recall an old item.
Retroactive interference
