Ch. 7 LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation

Question 1

The process used to get information into long term memory

Answer 1

Encoding

Question 2

Bringing information into consciousness by transferring it from LTM to Working Memory

Answer 2

Retrieval

Question 3

Rehearsal that is not encoded. This type of rehearsal results in little or no encoding and therefore poor memory.

Answer 3

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 4

This type of rehearsal is done when you find a way to relate stimuli to something meaningful, that results in encoding and therefore better memory.

Answer 4

Elaborate Rehearsal

Question 5

According to this theory, memory depends on the “depth of processing” that an item receives.

Answer 5

Levels of processing theory

Question 6

This process distinguishes between “shallow processing” and “deep processing”.

Answer 6

Depth of processing

Question 7

This process involves little attention to meaning, as when a phone number is repeated over and over or attention is focused on a words physical features such as whether it is printed in lowercase or upper case.

Answer 7

Shallow processing

Question 8

This type of process involves close attention and elaborative rehearsal that focuses on an item’s meaning and its relationship to something else.

Answer 8

Deep processing

Question 9

Inability to remember episodic events

Answer 9

Amnesia

Question 10

Inability to encode, store, or retrieve any NEW episodic memories AFTER brain damage.

Answer 10

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 11

Inability to remember information that was encoded normally and accessed easily BEFORE brain damage.

Answer 11

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 12

What type of memories was H.M. not able to create after the removal of his MTL, including the hippocampus?

Answer 12

New long term memories

Question 13

This type of organization is used when Items are clustered together to form categories

Answer 13

Hierarchical Organization

Question 14

This type of technique is used to help you memorize lists of words by adding meaning to otherwise meaningless lists of items.

Answer 14

mnemonic techniques

Question 15

Learning that is associated with a particular INTERNAL STATE such as mood and state of awareness.

Answer 15

State-dependent learning

Question 16

A principle that states we encode information along with its context.

Answer 16

Encoding Specificity

Question 17

When studying is broken into a number of short sessions. People tend to remember information longer when they acquire it through distributed practice.

Answer 17

Spacing effect

Question 18

Consolidation occurs when repeated simultaneous activation by MTL structures link different cortical regions to each other, which represent the memory in different modalities (visual, tactile, auditory, etc.)

Answer 18

Consolidation

Question 19

Improved ability to remember if tested in the same environment as the initial learning environment

Answer 19

Consolidation

Question 20

A task in which a participant is presented with retrieval cues to aid in recall of the previously experienced stimuli

Answer 20

Cued-recall task

Question 21

Recall that happened when participant is simply asked to recall stimuli

Answer 21

Free recall

Question 22

Information never encoded into long term memory

Answer 22

Encoding Failure

Question 23

Memories fade away or decay gradually if unused

Answer 23

Decay Theory

Question 24

Forgetting that is NOT caused by mere passage of time, but caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory.

Answer 24

Interference theory

Question 25

Learning a new item interferes with your ability to recall an old item.

Answer 25

Retroactive interference