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Basic Human Pathology > Ch 9: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases > Flashcards

Ch 9: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

define toxicology

A

science of poisons which studies the distribution, effects, and mechanisms of action of toxic agents

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2
Q

define xenobiotics

A

exogenous chemicals in the environments in air, water, food, and soil that may be absorbed into the body through inhalation, ingestions, and skin contact

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3
Q

what facilitates solvents and drugs transport in the blood

A

the fact that most solvents and drugs are lipophilic

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4
Q

what is smog

A

particulate matter

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5
Q

what 6 pollutants are controlled by the environmental protection agency (EPA)

A

sulfur dioxide
CO (carbon monoxide)
ozone
nitrogen dioxide
lead
particulate matter

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6
Q

what is anthracosis

A

benign form of pneumoconiosis (lung disease from breathing in particles) seen in autopsy pathology

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7
Q

how does carbon monoxide produce tissue hypoxia

A

competes with oxygen for binding sites on hemeproteins like hemoglobin

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8
Q

how many deaths per year are caused by carbon monoxide poisoning in the US

A

1,500

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9
Q

livor mortis presents with what

A

cherry-red to pink color of skin
seen in deaths cause by carbon monoxide poisoning

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10
Q

what is livor mortis

A

when blood pools in areas where gravity is taking effect

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11
Q

which body system is most effected by lead poisoning

A

neurologic

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12
Q

how does lead poisoning work

A

lead binds to sulfhydryl groups in proteins and interferes with calcium metabolism

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13
Q

what are the four main metals that are environmental pollutants

A

lead
mercury
cadmium
arsenic

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14
Q

how many occupational injuries occur in the US each year

A

10 million, 65,000 of those being death

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15
Q

vaping effects what in your body

A

bronchial epithelium
nasal epithelium
endothelial
sputum

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16
Q

what is E-cigarette and vaping use-associated acute lung injury (EVALI)

A

gross solid, hemorrhagic areas with necrosis seen in those who vape and use E-cigarettes

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17
Q

alcohol causes how many deaths each year world wide and in the US

A

3.3 million worldwide
80,000 US

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18
Q

what are some general, chronic effects of alcohol

A

liver
GI bleeding
neurologic effects (B1 deficiency)
cardiovascular (hypertension)
pancreatitis
fetal alcohol syndrome
carcinogenesis

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19
Q

what percentage of chronic liver disease is caused by alcohol consumption

A

60%

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20
Q

what are the three forms of alcoholic liver disease

A

hepatic steatosis
alcoholic hepatitis
fibrosis and cirrhosis

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21
Q

how many grams of alcohol per day is considered short term intake

A

80g

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22
Q

how many grams of alcohol per day is considered long term

A

40-80g

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23
Q

who, women or men, are more susceptible to hepatic injury

A

women

24
Q

what are the two pathologic effects of alcohol

A

changes in lipid metabolism
decreased export of lipoproteins

25
Q

which percentage of heavy drinkers develop fatty liver

A

10-35%

26
Q

which percentage of heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis

A

8-20%

27
Q

how many grams of alcohol per day increases the risk of cirrhosis

A

30g per day

28
Q

what are mallory-dank bodies

A

hepatocyte ballooning seen in steatosis (hepatocytes are starting to die)

29
Q

what is marasmus

A

severe caloric restriction, usually seen in children

30
Q

a child has marasmus when their weight falls to what percentage of the normal

A

60%

31
Q

what is kwashiorkor

A

condition caused by protein deprivation

32
Q

what is cachexia

A

secondary malnutrition usually seen in older individuals

33
Q

vitamin A is important for what

A

maintenance of normal vision, regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and regulation of lipid metabolism

34
Q

deficiency in what causes night-blindness

A

vitamin A deficiency

35
Q

bitot spots are characteristic of what

A

vitamin A deficiency

36
Q

what is vitamin D important for

A

maintenance of plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus to support metabolic functions, bone mineralization, and neuromuscular transmission

37
Q

what is a major source of vitamin D for humans

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

38
Q

what happens in adults who are deficient in vitamin D

A

osteomalacia (softening of bones)

39
Q

what is rickets and what does it present with

A

disorder in syndrome due to a vitamin D deficiency
presents with: widened ribs, frontal bossing, a square head, and pectus carinatum

40
Q

what causes bowing of legs in those with rickets

A

costochondral junction doesn’t mineralize

41
Q

what is scurvy and what does it present with

A

caused by a vitamin C deficiency
leads to bone disease in growing children as well as hemorrhages and healing defects in children and adults
presents with red spots on gums and skin

42
Q

what are three aspects of diet that are of major concern for cancer

A

exogenous carcinogens like aflatoxins
nitrosamines and nitrosamides
high animal fat intake with low fiber intake

43
Q

what may nitrosamines and nitrosamides cause

A

gastric cancer

44
Q

what are aflatoxins

A

toxins found in foods like artificial sweeteners or pesticides

45
Q

science of poisons which studies the distribution, effects, and mechanisms of action of toxic agents

A

define toxicology

46
Q

exogenous chemicals in the environments in air, water, food, and soil that may be absorbed into the body through inhalation, ingestions, and skin contact

A

define xenobiotics

47
Q

benign form of pneumoconiosis (lung disease from breathing in particles) seen in autopsy pathology

A

what is anthracosis

48
Q

when blood pools in areas where gravity is taking effect

A

what is livor mortis

49
Q

gross solid, hemorrhagic areas with necrosis seen in those who vape and use E-cigarettes

A

what is E-cigarette and vaping use-associated acute lung injury (EVALI)

50
Q

hepatocyte ballooning seen in steatosis (hepatocytes are starting to die)

A

what are mallory-dank bodies

51
Q

severe caloric restriction, usually seen in children

A

what is marasmus

52
Q

protein deprivation

A

what is kwashiorkor

53
Q

secondary malnutrition usually seen in older individuals

A

what is cachexia

54
Q

syndrome due to a vitamin D deficiency
presents with: widened ribs, frontal bossing, a square head, and pectus carinatum

A

what is rickets and what does it present with

55
Q

caused by a vitamin C deficiency
leads to bone disease in growing children as well as hemorrhages and healing defects in children and adults
presents with red spots on gums and skin

A

what is scurvy and what does it present with

56
Q

toxins found in foods like artificial sweeteners or pesticides

A

what are aflatoxins

Basic Human Pathology (18 decks)

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