Ch 3: Inflammation & Repair Flashcards
what is the main purpose of inflammation
to eliminate offending agents
what are two main causes of inflammation
foreign bodies (exogenous and endogenous material)
immune reactions
what are the 5 steps of inflammation
recognition
recruitment
removal
regulation
repair
what are neutrophils
aka polymorphonuclear (PMN)
found mostly in bacterial and fungal infections
have potent hydrolytic enzymes
what are lymphocytes
B and T cells
involved in blood and lymph infections
what are basophils
found mainly with chronic inflammation
have histamine and heparin
what are eosinophils
often elevated in allergies, parasitic infections, and cancer
contain basic proteins, peroxidase, and histamine
inactivate mast cell mediators and destroy pathogens
what are monocytes
often associated with viral infections
precursor for macrophages
what do mast cells do
release granules like histamine that cause inflammation
reside outisde of bloodstream
what are macrophages
involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens
what is the main cell type in accute inflammation
neutrophils
what are the main cell types in chronic inflammation
monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells
what are the 5 signs of acute inflammation
pain (dolor)
swelling (tumor)
redness (rubor)
heat (calor)
loss of function (function lasesa)
what happens in the blood vessels during acute inflammation
vasodilation due to histamine
increased bloodflow which leads to heat and redness
define exudate
escaped fluid/proteins from vessels into interstitial tissue/body cavities due to inflammation
fluid contains lots of proteins
*think ex (egg) yolks are yellow
define transudate
escaped fluid
fluid contains low protein and no cell material
caused by diseases that cause change in hydrostatic pressure
define effusion
abnormal collection of fluid in hollow spaces or between tissues of the body
define anasarca
extreme generalized edema (all over the body)
define purulent exudate
aka pus
the debris of dead cells
lots of leukocytes and microbes
define lymphangitis
inflammation of lymphatics
define lymphadenitis
inflammation of lymph nodes
define lymphadenopathy
enlarged lymph nodes
what is margination
when cells move from the center of flow to the periphery to get out during acute inflammation
what is rolling
when leukocytes pass over selectin speed bumps and bind
what are selectins
they mediate the loose attachment of leukocytes and cause them to roll onto the endothelium
(little pegs sticking up into the vessel)
what are integrins
mediate the firm attachment of leukocytes to the endothelium
what are cytokines and how do they work in the inflammation response
chemical cell signaling proteins
promote the expression of selectins and integrin and promote directional migration of leukocytes
define leukocyte adhesion deficiency
rare inherited immunodeficiency where immune cells don’t bind to blood vessel wall meaning they cannot reach site of inflammation
what is Khediak-Higashi syndrome
inherited defects in phagolysosome function
what is serous inflammation
cell-poor fluid in spaces created by injury to surface epithelia or into body cavities
ex. skin blister
what is fibrinous inflammation
fibrinous (lots of fibrin) exudate develops due to large vascular leaks
seen mostly in the lining of the meninges and pericardium
what is purulent (suppurative) inflammation
inflammation with an exudate consisting of neutrophils
can be abscesses
what is empyema
intrapleural fibrinosuppurative (pus) reaction
usually develops from spread of bacterial or fungal infections of the lung parenchyma
what are ulcers
local defects caused by shedding of necrotic tissue from surface
what are the three different outcomes of acute inflammation
complete resolution
healing by scarring
progression of response to chronic inflammation
what is chronic inflammation
response of prolonged duration in which inflammation, tissue injury, and attempts at repair coexsist
what do plasma cells do in chronic inflammation
produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)
what do macrophages do in chronic inflammation
secrete cytokines and growth factors
destroy foreign invaders and tissues
activate other cells in the immune response like T lymphocytes
what are kupffer cells
liver macrophages
what are microglia
CNS macrophages
what are osteoclasts
bone macrophages that break down old or damaged bone cells
explain classically activated macrophages (M1)
induced by cytokines and microbial products (TLR ligands and IFN-y)
produces free radicals and ROS
up regulates lysosomal enzymes
pro-inflammation and phagocytosis
explain alternatively activated macrophages (M2)
initiated by IL-13 and IL-4 cytokines
important in tissue repair, fibrosis, and anti-inflammatory effects
what are the two types of granulomatous inflammation
foreign body and infectious
what is a foreign body granuloma
form around a foreign object or material like sutures
what is an infectious granuloma
granuloma of TB case
central zone of caseous necrosis
surrounded by Langhan’s giant cells
what is a histiocyte
tissue-resident macrophage
what is a tubercle
granuloma in TB case
made of langhan’s giant cells
what is a gumma
microscopic or gross visible lesion in syphilis
what are the two tissue repair processes
regeneration and formation of connective and scar tissue
explain regeneration in regards to tissue repair
residual, uninjured cells proliferate
tissue stem cells mature
explain the formation of connective and scar tissue in regards to tissue repair
connective tissue is deposited when tissue cannot regenerate
this forms a scar
how does infection affect tissue repair
prolongs inflammation
how does diabetes affect tissue repair
compromises repair and prevents wounds from healing
how does nutrition affect tissue repair
nutritional deficiencies inhibit collagen synthesis
how do glucocorticoids affect tissue repair
anti-inflammatory effect may weaken scars
define dehiscence
splitting of a wound
what are arterial ulcers
atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries which leads to PVD (peripheral vascular disease)
what are keloids
enlarged scars
define cicatrix
another term for scar/keloid
