Ch 2: Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations Flashcards
define etiology
disease origin
what is an immediate cause of disease
something that directly causes disease
ex. an infection causes pneumonia
what is a precipitating cause of disease
factor that triggers onset of disease
ex. patient aspirates which eventually leads to pneumonia
what is predisposing cause
something that predisposes you to disease but is not the immediate cause
ex. patient has dementia and difficulty swallowing
define morphology
the gross and microscopic appearance of tissue
define pathogenesis
series of steps in the development of disease
define clinical manifestations
symptoms or observed signs of diseases
define lesion
generic term for any damaged or abnormal change in the tissue
define subclinical disease
disease that showed no signs on a clinical exam
rather it is discovered through imaging or accidentally in bloodwork
define morbidity
state of having an illness
define the topographic disease classification
by body or region
ex. abdominal vs thoracic
define the anatomic disease classification
by organ or tissue
ex. heart disease
define the physiological disease classification
by function or effect - underlying physical unwellness produced by the disease
ex. metabolic, respiratory
define the pathological disease classification
by the nature of the disease process (the type of disease)
ex. inflammatory or neoplastic
define the etiologic disease classification
causative agent
ex. organisms that cause certain diseases
define the juristic disease classification
legal circumstances regarding death
ex. natural vs sudden death
define the epidemiological disease classification
incidence, distribution, and control of disorders within a population
ex. the corona virus epidemic
define the statistical disease classification
the number of new cases of a specific disease that occurs during a certain period
define inherited (familial)
inherent chromosomal abnormality of one or more parents
ex. dominant or recessive
define autosomal dominant
disease that can be caused by only one copy of abnormal genes
ex. huntington disease
define autosomal recessive
disease caused by two copies of an abnormal gene
ex. sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis
define sex-linked inheritance
diseases that occur on sex chromosome
will be expressed if on X gene in males because they only have one X gene
ex. hemophilia
define congenital
disorder present at birth
define toxicity
various poisons that cause cell degeneration or death
define infectious
disease introduced to the body by pathogenic agents (bacteria, fungus, etc.)
define traumatic
disease caused by direct physical injury
define degenerative
a disease that results from aging or wear and tear
define allergic
sensitivity to an antigen
define autoimmune
body’s immune system attacks itself
define neoplastic
new abnormal growth of cells forming a tumor
ex. benign or malignant
define cachexia
extreme weight loss and muscle wasting
define psychosomatic
disease which involves both mind and body
define somatoform
psychological disorders in which a patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with medical or neurological condition
define malingering
exaggerating or faking illness to escape duty
define factitious
mental disorder in which a person acts if they have a physical or mental illness when in fact they have consciously created these symptoms
ex. Münchausen syndrome
define iatrogenic
relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment
define nosocomial
disease is acquired in the hospital
define adverse event
incident that results in harm to the patient
ex. falls, malnutrition, infection, and pressure injury
define sentinel event
event in a healthcare setting which results in patient death, permanent harm, or severe temporary harm
define hypertrophy
increase in size of cell due to demand
define hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
define atrophy
decrease in size or metabolic activity of cell
define anlage
embryonic area capable of forming a structure (primordial, germ, or bud)
define agenesis
complete failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth
define aplasia
failure of an organ or tissue to develop or function properly
define hypoplasia
underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ
define natural history
individual course of a disease from onset of symtoms to recovery or death
define hypertrophy
enlargement of cells in a tissue or organ
*think you want a bigger, shinier trophy
define metaplasia
transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type
ex. you have pseudostratified columnar epithelium in your lungs but if you smoke, those cells can start to become squamous (squamous metaplasia)
*think at the met gala, they have to get changed into different outfits
define dysplasia
abnormal development of cells within tissue or organs
considered pre-cancerous (derranged cell growth)
define anaplasia
poor cellular differentiation
cells lose normal morphological characteristics
considered malignant
*think when someone has ana (anorexia), they loose their normal features
what is hypoxia
low oxygen delivery to tissue
prevents cells from performing adequate aerobic oxidative respiration
can be caused by ischemia
*pertains to the oxygen itself
define ischemia and give some of its causes
decreased blood flow through an organ
can be caused by:
decreased arterial perfusion
decreased venous drainage
shock (hypotension)
*pertains to the blood itself
what is budd-chiari syndrome
decreased hepatic venous outflow
can lead to ischemia
what is cellular swelling
a type of morphological cell damage that can be reversible
plasma membrane becomes permeable and water enters
what is fatty change
a type of morphological cell damage that can be reversed
triglycerides start to become stored within vacuoles inside the cell
common in organs like the liver
what is increased eosinophilia
a type of morphological cell damage that can be reversed
cytoplasm stains more red because the proteins are more denatured and want to bind to eosin
what are some intracellular changes associated with cell damage
plasma membrane alterations (blebbing)
mitochondrial changes (swelling)
dilation of ER with detachment of ribosomes and polysomes
clumping of chromatin
what is steatosis
triglyceride accumulation within parenchymal cells
usually found in the liver
define xanthomas
when fat builds up in the skin
define cholesterolosis
fat deposits along the inner wall of the gallbladder
what is hyaline change
alteration within cells that causes the components to have a homogeneous, glassy, pink appearance
when would you see glycogen accumulations
in patients with either glucose or gylcogen metabolism abnormalities
what are exogenous (external) pigments
external pigments such as carbon that accumulate within the cells
what are endogenous (internal) pigments
internal pigments that accumulate within the cells
lipofuscin, hemosiderin, and melanin
what is lipofuscin
endogenous pigment that is a lipid/protein complex indicative of free radical injury
what is hemosiderin
yellow-brown pigment derived from hemoglobin (iron)
what is calcification
abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts with small amounts of iron, magnesium, and other mineral salts
two types: dystrophic calcification of necrotic tissue and metastatic calcification of normal tissue
what is dystrophic calcification
calcification of necrotic tissue
many layers become psammoma bodies
ex. atheroma in atherosclerosis
what is metastatic calcification
calcifications of normal tissue
caused by hypercalacemia (excess blood calcium levels)
uncommon, typically found in the thyroid
define necrosis
denaturization of cellular proteins, leakage of cellular contents through damaged membranes, local inflammation, and enzymatic digestion
much less organized than apoptosis and is a consequence of severe injury
characterized by loss of nucleus
what is pyknosis
shrinkage and increased basophilia of nucleus
seen in necrosis
what is karyorrhexis
fragmentation of nucleus seen in necrosis
what is karyolysis
nuclear breakdown and pallor due to digestion of DNA
nucleus appears to be fading under the microscope
seen in necrosis
what are myelin figures
what’s leftover after cell necrosis
phospholipid masses
what is coagulative necrosis
architecture of dead tissue reamins first but the nucleus disappears
seen in all organs except for the brain
what is liquefactive necrosis
digestion of dead cells leads to liquification of tissues
often occurs in the brain
what is gangrenous necrosis
typically occurs in a limb and resembles mummified tissue
dry: mummified tissue
wet: infection of dead tissue
what is caseous necrosis
cheese-like appearence associated with tuberculosis
surrounded by granular inflammation
combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
where would you find a Langhans giant cell
only in active TB cases
what is fat necrosis
fat is destroyed
lipases or fatty acids are released due to trauma and combine with calcium to leave a chalky-white appearance
what is saponification
when hydrolyzed fats join with calcium
what is fibrinoid necrosis
vascular damage usually seen in immune reactions
antigens and antibodies are depositied in the walls of arteries
what is apoptosis
planned cell death that does not cause inflammation
ex. killing off excess leukocytes during an immune reponse
what is autophagy
self eating
when lysosomes digest its own cell’s components
survival mechanism typically seen in stressors such as nutrient deprivation
define mortality
related to an individual’s risk of death
define co-morbidity
multiple disorders occuring in the same person
what were the top three leading causes of death in the 1900’s
pneumonia, TB, and diarrhea
what were the top 3 leading causes of death in 1997
heart disease, cancer, and stroke
what were the top 3 leading causes of death in 2020
heart disease, cancer, and COVID
what caused the most drug deaths in 2020 and 2021
synthetic opiods like fentanyl
what were the top three leading sites of new cancer cases in males and females in 2022 (morbitity)
males: prostate, lung, and colon
female: breast, lung, and colon
what were the top four leading sites of cancer related deaths in males and females (morbidity)
males: lung, prostate, colon, pancreas
female: lung, breast, colon, pancreas
define cause of death
the official determination of conditions resulting in a human’s death recorded on the death certificate
ex. gunshot wound to the chest
define the mechanism of death
immediate physiological derangment or chemical changes that result in death
ex. exsanguination (extreme blood loss) from the gunshot
define the manner of death
how the death came about
ex. natural, homicide, suicide, etc.
