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Basic Human Pathology > Ch 16: Head and Neck > Flashcards

Ch 16: Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four components of Waldeyer’s ring

A

adenoids
lingual tonsil
palatine tonsil
tubal tonsil

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2
Q

what is the word for “lacking teeth”

A

endentulous

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3
Q

what are aphthous ulcers

A

canker sores
most frequent before you’re 20
mucosal ulcerations

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4
Q

what is a fibroma of the tongue

A

benign mass of submucosal nodular fibrous tissue
formed because of chronic irritation
occur most often on the lateral portion of the tongue
removal is treatment

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5
Q

what is a pyogenic granuloma

A

benign, vascular ulcerated lesion usually found on the gingiva

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6
Q

what is peripheral ossifying fibroma

A

benign mass of submucosal nodular fibrous tissue
formed because of chronic irritation
seen on top of the teeth
has mineralized tissue

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7
Q

what is a peripheral giant cell granuloma

A

benign mass of submucosal nodular fibrous tissue
formed at site of chronic irritation
more blue/purple than a pyogenic granuloma - no ulceration

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8
Q

what is the microscopic feature of a peripheral giant cell granuloma

A

aggregate of multinucleared foreign body-like giant cells

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9
Q

what are herpes vesicles

A

can be small or large
filled with clear serous fluid that can rupture

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10
Q

what are the microscopic features of herpes simplex

A

intranuclear viral inclusions
multinucleate polykaryons (giant/Tzanck cells)

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11
Q

what stain is used to identify Tzanck cells in herpes simplex

A

giemsa stain

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12
Q

what is the tzanck test

A

scrapings of vesicles are taken to test for the Tzanck cells found in herpes simplex

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13
Q

what is oral candidiasis

A

aka thrush
fungal infection of the mucosa
can be scraped off

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14
Q

what is the most common fungal infection of the oral cavity

A

candidasis

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15
Q

what is hairy leukoplakia

A

oral lesion on lateral boarder of tongue
caused by EBV
cannot be scraped off

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16
Q

what are the histologic features of hairy leukoplakia

A

hyperkeratosis (thickening of keratin) and ancanthosis (thickening of squamous cells) with balloon cells

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17
Q

koplik spots are seen in what condition

A

measles

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18
Q

strawberry tongue is seen in what condition

A

scarlet fever

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19
Q

what is leukoplakia

A

white patch in the mouth that cannot be scraped off
considered precancerous
more common in mid-old men and in those who smoke

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20
Q

what is erythroplakia

A

similar to leukoplakia but the patch is red
considered precancerous

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21
Q

95% of cancers of the oral cavity are what type of cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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22
Q

where is non-HPV associated keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma often located in the mouth

A

floor of mouth
ventral surface of tongue

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23
Q

where is HPV associated non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma often located in the mouth

A

linguar tonsils
base of tongue

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24
Q

SCC associated with HPV most often affects who

A

younger patients

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25
Q

SCC not associated with HPV most often affects who

A

older patients

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26
Q

what are the two microscopic hallmarks of SCC

A

keratin pearls and intercellular bridges

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27
Q

which stain is used to differentiate HPV related lesions

A

p16

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28
Q

what are the three frequent sites of distant metastasis of SCC in the oral cavity

A

mediastinal lymph nodes
lungs
liver

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29
Q

what is a dentigerous cyst

A

benign fluid filled cyst around the crown of a tooth

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30
Q

what is a radicular cyst

A

inflammatory lesion found at apex of tooth due to cavities or trauma

31
Q

what is an odontoma

A

technically a benign hamartoma of the tooth
made of enamel and dentin

32
Q

what is the most common odontogenic tumor

A

odontoma

33
Q

what is an ameloblastoma

A

benign tumor arising from odontogenic epithelium
cut surface demonstrates macrocystic spaces

34
Q

what type of epithelium is the nasal cavity

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

35
Q

what is rhinitis

A

inflammation of the nose due to an infection or allergy

36
Q

what is sinusitus

A

long standing infections that can spread through the orbit bone

37
Q

what is the most frequent pathogen to cause pharyngitis and tonsillitis

A

B-hemolytic streptococci

38
Q

what are actinomyces (sulfur granules)

A

bacteria found in the crypts of the palatine tonsils

39
Q

what is a tonsillolith

A

firm aggregate of food, necrotic cell debris, and other substances trapped within the crypts of a tonsil

40
Q

what are the three types of benign sinonasal papillomas

A

exophytic
endophytic
oncocytic

41
Q

what is the most common type of benign sinonasal papilloma

A

exophytic

42
Q

what causes exophytic benign sinonasal papillomas

A

strains 6 and 11 of HPV
EGFR mutations

43
Q

what is a nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

A

benign, vascular tumor that mostly affects faired skinned males

44
Q

what is an olfactory neuroblastoma

A

tumor arising from the olfactory cells in the upper nasal mucosa

45
Q

what is the other name for an olfactory neuroblastoma

A

esthesioneuroblastoma

46
Q

what are the three types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

keratinizing SCC
non-keratinizing SCC
basaloid SCC

47
Q

what three things characterize nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

distinct geographic location
close anatomic relationship to lymphoid tissue
associated with EBV infection

48
Q

what is a common sign of lymphoma affecting the tonsils

A

unilateral tonsillar hypertrophy
(asymmetric hypertrophy)

49
Q

what does the supraglottis include

A

epiglottis
aryepiglotic folds
arytenoid cartilage
false vocal cords

50
Q

what separates the true and false vocal cords

A

ventricle

51
Q

who is most at risk for reactive nodules of the larynx

A

heavy smokers
singers

52
Q

what is a cholesteotoma

A

non-neoplastic lesions associated with chronic otitis media

53
Q

what is otoslerosis

A

abnormal bone deposition in the middle ear

54
Q

what is a branchial cleft cyst

A

creamy, fluid filled cyst arising from remnants of second branchial arch
occurs around 20-40 yrs of age

55
Q

what’s another name for a branchial cleft cyst

A

cervical lymphoepithelial cyst

56
Q

what is a thyroglossal duct cyst

A

cyst formed from remnants of the thyroglossal duct

57
Q

what is a paraganglioma (carotid body tumor)

A

tumor of neuroendocrine cells
surrounds great vessels

58
Q

what is the most common type of paraganglioma

A

adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma

59
Q

what is the microscopic feature of a paraganglioma (carotid body tumor)

A

zellballen chief cells “cell balls”

60
Q

what is xerostomia

A

dry mouth resulting from decrease in production of saliva

61
Q

what are two common causes of xerostomia (dry mouth)

A

sjogren syndrome
radiation

62
Q

what is sialadenitis

A

inflammation of the salivary glands

63
Q

what is a mucocele

A

benign cystic growth on the lower lip due to blockage or rupture of salivary gland duct

64
Q

what is a sialolith

A

salivary gland stone

65
Q

which salivary gland is most commonly affected, specifically by benign neoplasms

A

parotid

66
Q

which salivary gland is least commonly affected, specifically by malignant neoplasms

A

sublingual glands

67
Q

what is a pleomorphic adenoma

A

benign tumors of the salivary glands
mostly affects the parotid glands

68
Q

what is the most common salivary gland neoplasm

A

pleomorphic adenoma

69
Q

what is a warthin tumor

A

benign, cystic, folliculated tumor of the salivary gland

70
Q

what is another name for a warthin tumor

A

papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum

71
Q

what is an oncocytoma

A

benign tumor of salivary glands
has a very eosinophilic cytoplasm
cut surface appears the color of mahogany

72
Q

which neoplasm has a mahogany cut surface

A

oncocytoma

73
Q

what is mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A

malignant salivary gland tumors of mixed cell types
mostly occur in the parotid gland

74
Q

what is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands

A

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Basic Human Pathology (18 decks)

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