Ch 16: Head and Neck Flashcards
what are the four components of Waldeyer’s ring
adenoids
lingual tonsil
palatine tonsil
tubal tonsil
what is the word for “lacking teeth”
endentulous
what are aphthous ulcers
canker sores
most frequent before you’re 20
mucosal ulcerations
what is a fibroma of the tongue
benign mass of submucosal nodular fibrous tissue
formed because of chronic irritation
occur most often on the lateral portion of the tongue
removal is treatment
what is a pyogenic granuloma
benign, vascular ulcerated lesion usually found on the gingiva
what is peripheral ossifying fibroma
benign mass of submucosal nodular fibrous tissue
formed because of chronic irritation
seen on top of the teeth
has mineralized tissue
what is a peripheral giant cell granuloma
benign mass of submucosal nodular fibrous tissue
formed at site of chronic irritation
more blue/purple than a pyogenic granuloma - no ulceration
what is the microscopic feature of a peripheral giant cell granuloma
aggregate of multinucleared foreign body-like giant cells
what are herpes vesicles
can be small or large
filled with clear serous fluid that can rupture
what are the microscopic features of herpes simplex
intranuclear viral inclusions
multinucleate polykaryons (giant/Tzanck cells)
what stain is used to identify Tzanck cells in herpes simplex
giemsa stain
what is the tzanck test
scrapings of vesicles are taken to test for the Tzanck cells found in herpes simplex
what is oral candidiasis
aka thrush
fungal infection of the mucosa
can be scraped off
what is the most common fungal infection of the oral cavity
candidasis
what is hairy leukoplakia
oral lesion on lateral boarder of tongue
caused by EBV
cannot be scraped off
what are the histologic features of hairy leukoplakia
hyperkeratosis (thickening of keratin) and ancanthosis (thickening of squamous cells) with balloon cells
koplik spots are seen in what condition
measles
strawberry tongue is seen in what condition
scarlet fever
what is leukoplakia
white patch in the mouth that cannot be scraped off
considered precancerous
more common in mid-old men and in those who smoke
what is erythroplakia
similar to leukoplakia but the patch is red
considered precancerous
95% of cancers of the oral cavity are what type of cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
where is non-HPV associated keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma often located in the mouth
floor of mouth
ventral surface of tongue
where is HPV associated non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma often located in the mouth
linguar tonsils
base of tongue
SCC associated with HPV most often affects who
younger patients
SCC not associated with HPV most often affects who
older patients
what are the two microscopic hallmarks of SCC
keratin pearls and intercellular bridges
which stain is used to differentiate HPV related lesions
p16
what are the three frequent sites of distant metastasis of SCC in the oral cavity
mediastinal lymph nodes
lungs
liver
what is a dentigerous cyst
benign fluid filled cyst around the crown of a tooth
what is a radicular cyst
inflammatory lesion found at apex of tooth due to cavities or trauma
what is an odontoma
technically a benign hamartoma of the tooth
made of enamel and dentin
what is the most common odontogenic tumor
odontoma
what is an ameloblastoma
benign tumor arising from odontogenic epithelium
cut surface demonstrates macrocystic spaces
what type of epithelium is the nasal cavity
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
what is rhinitis
inflammation of the nose due to an infection or allergy
what is sinusitus
long standing infections that can spread through the orbit bone
what is the most frequent pathogen to cause pharyngitis and tonsillitis
B-hemolytic streptococci
what are actinomyces (sulfur granules)
bacteria found in the crypts of the palatine tonsils
what is a tonsillolith
firm aggregate of food, necrotic cell debris, and other substances trapped within the crypts of a tonsil
what are the three types of benign sinonasal papillomas
exophytic
endophytic
oncocytic
what is the most common type of benign sinonasal papilloma
exophytic
what causes exophytic benign sinonasal papillomas
strains 6 and 11 of HPV
EGFR mutations
what is a nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
benign, vascular tumor that mostly affects faired skinned males
what is an olfactory neuroblastoma
tumor arising from the olfactory cells in the upper nasal mucosa
what is the other name for an olfactory neuroblastoma
esthesioneuroblastoma
what are the three types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
keratinizing SCC
non-keratinizing SCC
basaloid SCC
what three things characterize nasopharyngeal carcinoma
distinct geographic location
close anatomic relationship to lymphoid tissue
associated with EBV infection
what is a common sign of lymphoma affecting the tonsils
unilateral tonsillar hypertrophy
(asymmetric hypertrophy)
what does the supraglottis include
epiglottis
aryepiglotic folds
arytenoid cartilage
false vocal cords
what separates the true and false vocal cords
ventricle
who is most at risk for reactive nodules of the larynx
heavy smokers
singers
what is a cholesteotoma
non-neoplastic lesions associated with chronic otitis media
what is otoslerosis
abnormal bone deposition in the middle ear
what is a branchial cleft cyst
creamy, fluid filled cyst arising from remnants of second branchial arch
occurs around 20-40 yrs of age
what’s another name for a branchial cleft cyst
cervical lymphoepithelial cyst
what is a thyroglossal duct cyst
cyst formed from remnants of the thyroglossal duct
what is a paraganglioma (carotid body tumor)
tumor of neuroendocrine cells
surrounds great vessels
what is the most common type of paraganglioma
adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma
what is the microscopic feature of a paraganglioma (carotid body tumor)
zellballen chief cells “cell balls”
what is xerostomia
dry mouth resulting from decrease in production of saliva
what are two common causes of xerostomia (dry mouth)
sjogren syndrome
radiation
what is sialadenitis
inflammation of the salivary glands
what is a mucocele
benign cystic growth on the lower lip due to blockage or rupture of salivary gland duct
what is a sialolith
salivary gland stone
which salivary gland is most commonly affected, specifically by benign neoplasms
parotid
which salivary gland is least commonly affected, specifically by malignant neoplasms
sublingual glands
what is a pleomorphic adenoma
benign tumors of the salivary glands
mostly affects the parotid glands
what is the most common salivary gland neoplasm
pleomorphic adenoma
what is a warthin tumor
benign, cystic, folliculated tumor of the salivary gland
what is another name for a warthin tumor
papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
what is an oncocytoma
benign tumor of salivary glands
has a very eosinophilic cytoplasm
cut surface appears the color of mahogany
which neoplasm has a mahogany cut surface
oncocytoma
what is mucoepidermoid carcinoma
malignant salivary gland tumors of mixed cell types
mostly occur in the parotid gland
what is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
