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Basic Human Pathology > Ch 8: Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Ch 8: Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 7 classes of infectious agents

A

viruses
bacterial
prions
fungi
parasites
helminths
ectoparasites

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2
Q

what is virulence

A

harmfulness of an agent

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3
Q

what three factors affect virulence (harmfulness)

A

ability to adhere to host cells
ability to invade cells and tissues
ability to deliver toxins

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4
Q

what is an opportunistic infection

A

microbial disease occurring in an immunosuppressed individual

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5
Q

what is a nonsocomial infection

A

hospital acquired microbial disease

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6
Q

what is bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood

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7
Q

what is septicemia

A

bloodstream invasion and spreading of pathogens - blood infection

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8
Q

what is a gram stain

A

stain that differentiates between gram positive and gram negative bacteria
gram negative stain red
gram positive stain blue
ex. modified brown and brenn stain

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9
Q

what type of stain is the modified brown and brenn stain

A

gram stain

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10
Q

what is a acid-fast (AFB) stain

A

tests for mycobacteria spp and nocardia spp
ex. ziehl-neelsen stain
(stains very blue)

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11
Q

what type of stain is the Ziehl-neelsen stain

A

acid-fast bacillus stain

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12
Q

what is the silver stain

A

tests for fungi
ex. Grocott-gomoris methenamine silver stain (GMS)
(stains teal)

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13
Q

what type of stain is Grocott-gomoris methenamine silver stain (GMS)

A

silver stain

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14
Q

what is periodic acid-schiff (PAS) stain

A

tests for fungi and amebae
also tests for glycogen in tissues
tissue adjacent to fungi can be better visualized
(fungi nuclei stain blue and cytoplasm stain pink)

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15
Q

which type of antibody in the Peyer’s patches of the GI tract prevents microbes from entering

A

IgA

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16
Q

what is micturition

A

peeing

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17
Q

women are ___ times more likely to get a UTI

A

10 times

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18
Q

which vaginal bacteria help protect women from microbes

A

lactobacilli

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19
Q

what is vertical transmission

A

pathogen spreads from mother to baby
placental-fetal
during birth
through breastmilk

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20
Q

what are two ways microbes can spread throughout the body

A

peripheral nerves - bring microbes to CNS
bloodstream

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21
Q

what is the most common/efficient way for microbes to travel through the body

A

bloodstream

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22
Q

what are the three routes of person-to-person transmission of microbes

A

respiratory (coughing)
fecal-oral
sexual

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23
Q

what is a way that pathogens bypass respiratory defense mechanisms

A

ciliary paralysis by toxins

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24
Q

what are the 5 major histologic patterns of tissue reactions in infections

A

suppurative (purulent) inflammation
mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation
cytopathic-cytoproliferative reaction
tissue necrosis
chronic inflammation and scarring

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25
Q

what is suppurative (purulent) inflammation

A

pyogenic bacteria enter body, leading to increased vascular permeability
neutrophils go to site and attack bacteria
dying/dead neutrophils leads to liquefactive necrosis and pus

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26
Q

what is pyogenic

A

puss-forming

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27
Q

what is mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation

A

specific mononuclear cells
aggregates or accumulated macrophages become giant cells

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28
Q

what type of mononuclear cells are seen in syphilis

A

plasma cells

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29
Q

what type of mononuclear cells are seen in HBV infections

A

lymphocytes

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30
Q

what type of mononuclear cells are seen in mycobacterium avium/AIDS

A

macrophages

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31
Q

what is a cytopathic-cytoproliferative reaction

A

caused by viruses
causes little inflammation, necrosis, or cell proliferation
viral aggregates and inclusion bodies
polykaryon (multinuclear cell) aggregates

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32
Q

what is a CMV inclusion body

A

hepatocyte with a large intranuclear inclusion body, surrounded by a clear halo; cytoplasm may also contain dark inclusions
appears as an owl eye
only seen in cytomegalovirus

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33
Q

what is tissue necrosis

A

toxins secretes by organisms can lead to gangrenous necrosis
ulcers and abscesses from parasites can lead to liquefactive necrosis

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34
Q

what is chronic inflammation and scarring

A

things like hepatitis B leads to dense fibrosis of liver
macro nodular cirrhosis

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35
Q

what is Masson’s Trichrome

A

three color staining procedure to test for macronodular cirrhosis that has fibrotic bands, loss of architecture, and nodule formation (all characteristics of chronic inflammation)

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36
Q

what are the three different states of viral infections

A

acute, latent, or transforming

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37
Q

what is influenza

A

acute/transient virus
presents with: hyperemia, mucosal hemorrhages, and edema of larynx, trachea, and main bronchi
in lung causes: diffuse congestion, pleural hemorrhages, and hemorrhagic consolidation

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38
Q

what are some microscopic presentations of influenza

A

edema of alveolar air spaces, hyaline membranes, lymphocytes

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39
Q

the flu of 1918 caused how many dead wordwide

A

50 million

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40
Q

what is measles

A

acute/transient viral infection
virus of paramyxoviridae family that is transmitted through respiratory secretions where it eventually spreads to lymphatic tissues
affects multiple organs

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41
Q

koplik spots are pathognomonic for which viral infection

A

measles

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42
Q

what is mumps

A

acute/transient viral infection
virus of the paramyxoviridae family
affects salivary glands usually bilaterally
inhaled through the respiratory system where it eventually spreads to the lymphatic system

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43
Q

mumps orchitis, seen in 20-30% post pubescent males, it a condition seen in which viral infection

A

mumps

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44
Q

what is SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19)

A

acute/transient virus transmitted through respiratory droplets
affects mainly the lungs but sometimes the heart (eosinophilic myocarditis)

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45
Q

what type of virus is the herpes virus (acute, latent, or transient)

A

latent virus

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46
Q

what is latent

A

persistence of viral genomes in cells that do not produce infectious virus

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47
Q

what are the three types of herpes virus

A

herpes simplex 1+2, cytomegalovirus, and varicella zoster virus

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48
Q

what is herpes simplex virus (HSV)

A

latent virus that replicates in the skin and mucous membranes (mouth and genitals)
travels to neuronal cell bodies where they establish latent infection

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49
Q

which virus is the major infectious cause of corneal blindness in the US

A

HSV-1

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50
Q

what is cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A

latent virus that can produce a variety of disease manifestations
different routes of transmission
causes immunosupression of: lungs and GI tracts
has owl eye inclusion bodies

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51
Q

what are the 5 routes of transmission of cytomegalovirus

A

transplacental
neonatal
saliva
genital
iatrogenic

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52
Q

what are the effects of neonatal transmission of cytomegalovirus

A

effects on hearing and intelligence

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53
Q

what is varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

A

chickenpox and possibly shingles down the road
most frequent in dermatomes innervated by the trigeminal ganglia

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54
Q

what are characteristics of chickenpox lesions

A

intraepithelial vesicles with intranuclear inclusions in epithelial cells at the base of the vesicles

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55
Q

what is the epistein-barr virus (EBV)

A

transforming viral infection
virus causes infectious mononucleosis

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56
Q

what is infectious mononucleosis

A

benign lymphoproliferative disorder
infects B-cells causing a latent infection
presents with: fever, sore throat, splenomegaly, etc.
can cause lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas
“kissing disease”

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57
Q

what is staphylococcal aureus

A

bacteria that causes skin lesions (boils and carbuncles), abscesses, toxic shock syndrome, sepsis, etc

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58
Q

what is methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA)

A

antibiotic resistant strain of staphylococcal aureus

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59
Q

what is a furuncle

A

boil
focal pus inflammation of skin and subcutaneous tissue
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections

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60
Q

what is hidradentitis

A

chronic pus inflammation of apocrine glands, usually in the armpit
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections

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61
Q

what is a carbuncle

A

cluster of furuncles
deeper pus infection that spreads beneath the deep subcutaneous fascia and then erupts in multiple adjacent skin sinuses
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections

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62
Q

what is pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

aerobic gram negative bacillus
can be deadly in people with cystic fibrosis, severe burns, or neutropenia
usually acquired in a hospital
causes corneal keratitis in lens wearers, endocarditis in drug abusers, swimmers ear in healthy individuals, and otitis in people with diabetes

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63
Q

what is mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

bacteria that causes chronic pulmonary and systemic disease
can be active or latent

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64
Q

which bacteria has the most deaths worldwide

A

TB

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65
Q

what is a Ghon complex

A

combination of parenchymal lung lesion and nodal involvement seen in TB cases

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66
Q

what is miliary tuberculosis

A

bacteria move through systemic arterial system
often seen as gray-white tubercles in liver and spleen

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67
Q

what is mycobacterium avium complex

A

bacteria that are through to be inhaled or ingested
can cause disease in immunocompromised patients
lots of acid-fast bacilli in macrophages
confirmed by AFB stain

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68
Q

what is the hallmark of mycobacterium avium complex

A

lots of acid-fast bacilli within macrophages

69
Q

what is syphilis

A

spirochete, gram-negative bacteria with flagella
transmitted sexually

70
Q

what is aortic syphilis

A

80% tertiary disease (long term, untreated syphilis)
dilation of aortic arch and root with aneurysms
tree-bark appearance of aortic intima

71
Q

tree-bark appearance of aortic intima is seen in which bacterial disease

A

aortic syphilis

72
Q

what is neurosyphilis

A

tertiary syphilis, often asymptomatic (long term, untreated syphilis)
inflammation of leptomeninges and CSF abnormalities
hemosiderin deposition

73
Q

in which bacterial disease do we see hemosiderin deposition

A

neurosyphilis

74
Q

what is borrelia burgdorferi

A

bacteria that causes Lyme disease
causes arthritis and erythema

75
Q

what is clostridium tetani

A

bacteria that causes tetanus
causes muscular spasms and hypertonia (decreased muscle tone)
prevented with DTP vaccine

76
Q

what is clostridium perfringens

A

bacteria that causes cellulitis and myonecrosis (gas gangrene) of surgical wounds
seen in the gas filled gallbladder

77
Q

what is the most common bacterial STI in the world

A

chlamydia trachomatis

78
Q

what is chlamydia trachomatis

A

bacterial STI
causes inflammation of things like epididymis, prostate, pharynx, eyes, etc

79
Q

what is an important cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancies

A

chlamydia trachomatis

80
Q

what is neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

bacterial STI
if left untreated, can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy
can cause conjunctivitis in fetuses

81
Q

what are some hallmarks of congenital syphilis

A

enlarged hypercellular villi, proliferative villous vasculature, and villitis
also, necrotising funisitis

82
Q

baberpole appearance is seen commonly in which bacterial infection

A

congenital syphilis

83
Q

what are actinomyces

A

bacteria that often causes sulfur granules in tonsils

84
Q

what are sulfur granules

A

aggregates of microorganisms (actinomyces) mixed with inflammatory debris
aka tonsil stones

85
Q

what are four major types of fungal infections (mycoses)

A

superficial
cutaneous
endemic
opportunistic

86
Q

what are superficial mycoses

A

fungal infections of superficial layer of skin, hair, and nails

87
Q

what are subcutaneous mycoses

A

fungal infections of the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and lymphatics

88
Q

what are endemic mycoses

A

dimorphic fungal infections that cause systemic illness in healthy people

89
Q

what are mycoses

A

another word for fungal infections

90
Q

what is candidiasis albicans

A

fungal pathogen that is caused by normal microbiota breeching the skin or mucosal barriers
leads to thrush, vaginitis, esophagitis, etc.w

91
Q

what is the most prevalent fungal pathogen of humans

A

candidiasis albicans

92
Q

what is aspergillus

A

fungus (mold) that causes allergies in other serious symptoms in immunocompromised people
can leads to aspergillomas

93
Q

what are aspergillomas

A

organized fungus balls seen in those with aspergillus

94
Q

what are fungus balls

A

proliferating masses of hyphae (branching filament) of aspergillus within pulmonary abscess cavities

95
Q

what is toxoplasmosis gondii

A

parasitic infection that causes significant disease in immunocompromised and pregnant women
caused by eating undercooked meat, drinking contaminated drinking water, or by cleaning a cats litter box
form cysts in muscles and organs

96
Q

what is schistosomiasis

A

parasitic infection that involves liver and GI
shows up as tiny, white granulomas with schistosome egg

97
Q

what is pipe stem fibrosis

A

granulomas and fibrous tracts of liver caused by schistosomiasis (parasite infection)

98
Q

what is “end-stage” schistosomal bladder

A

fibrosis and calcifications of bladder wall due to extreme, untreated schistosomiasis

99
Q

what are prions

A

abnormal pathogenic agents that induce abnormal folding of prion proteins found mostly in the brain

100
Q

what are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)

A

rare form of progressive neuordegenerative disorders caused by prions

101
Q

what is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

A

most common prion disease worldwide

102
Q

what is the most common prion disease

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

103
Q

what are helminths

A

parasitic worms

104
Q

what is enterobius vermicularis

A

a type of helminths, better known as pinworms

105
Q

what is the most common helminth infections in the world

A

enterobius vermicularis

106
Q

what are three types of ectoparasites

A

ticks, scabies, and lice

107
Q

harmfulness of an agent

A

what is virulence

108
Q

microbial disease occurring in an immunosuppressed individual

A

what is an opportunistic infection

109
Q

hospital acquired microbial disease

A

what is a nonsocomial infection

110
Q

bloodstream invasion and spreading of pathogens - blood infection

A

what is septicemia

111
Q

stain that differentiates between gram positive and gram negative bacteria
gram negative stain red
gram positive stain blue
ex. modified brown and brenn stain

A

what is a gram stain

112
Q

tests for mycobacteria spp and nocardia spp
ex. ziehl-neelsen stain
(stains very blue)

A

what is a acid-fast (AFB) stain

113
Q

tests for fungi
ex. Grocott-gomoris methenamine silver stain (GMS)
(stains teal)

A

what is the silver stain

114
Q

tests for fungi and amebae
also tests for glycogen in tissues
tissue adjacent to fungi can be better visualized
(fungi nuclei stain blue and cytoplasm stain pink)

A

what is periodic acid-schiff (PAS) stain

115
Q

pathogen spreads from mother to baby
placental-fetal
during birth
through breastmilk

A

what is vertical transmission

116
Q

pyogenic bacteria enter body, leading to increased vascular permeability
neutrophils go to site and attack bacteria
dying/dead neutrophils leads to liquefactive necrosis and pus

A

what is suppurative (purulent) inflammation

117
Q

hepatocyte with a large intranuclear inclusion body, surrounded by a clear halo; cytoplasm may also contain dark inclusions
appears as an owl eye
only seen in cytomegalovirus

A

what is a CMV inclusion body

118
Q

three color staining procedure to test for macronodular cirrhosis that has fibrotic bands, loss of architecture, and nodule formation (all characteristics of chronic inflammation)

A

what is Masson’s Trichrome

119
Q

acute/transient virus
presents with: hyperemia, mucosal hemorrhages, and edema of larynx, trachea, and main bronchi
in lung causes: diffuse congestion, pleural hemorrhages, and hemorrhagic consolidation

A

what is influenza

120
Q

edema of alveolar air spaces, hyaline membranes, lymphocytes

A

what are some microscopic presentations of influenza

121
Q

acute/transient viral infection
virus of paramyxoviridae family that is transmitted through respiratory secretions where it eventually spreads to lymphatic tissues
affects multiple organs

A

what is measles

122
Q

acute/transient viral infection
virus of the paramyxoviridae family
affects salivary glands usually bilaterally
inhaled through the respiratory system where it eventually spreads to the lymphatic system

A

what is mumps

123
Q

acute/transient virus transmitted through respiratory droplets
affects mainly the lungs but sometimes the heart (eosinophilic myocarditis)

A

what is SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19)

124
Q

persistence of viral genomes in cells that do not produce infectious virus

A

what is latent

125
Q

latent virus that replicates in the skin and mucous membranes (mouth and genitals)
travels to neuronal cell bodies where they establish latent infection

A

what is herpes simplex virus (HSV)

126
Q

latent virus that can produce a variety of disease manifestations
different routes of transmission
causes immunosupression of: lungs and GI tracts
has owl eye inclusion bodies

A

what is cytomegalovirus (CMV)

127
Q

chickenpox and possibly shingles down the road
most frequent in dermatomes innervated by the trigeminal ganglia

A

what is varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

128
Q

intraepithelial vesicles with intranuclear inclusions in epithelial cells at the base of the vesicles

A

what are characteristics of chickenpox lesions

129
Q

transforming viral infection
virus causes infectious mononucleosis

A

what is the epistein-barr virus (EBV)

130
Q

benign lymphoproliferative disorder
infects B-cells causing a latent infection
presents with: fever, sore throat, splenomegaly, etc.
can cause lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas
“kissing disease”

A

what is infectious mononucleosis

131
Q

bacteria that causes skin lesions (boils and carbuncles), abscesses, toxic shock syndrome, sepsis, etc

A

what is staphylococcal aureus

132
Q

antibiotic resistant strain of staphylococcal aureus

A

what is methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA)

133
Q

boil
focal pus inflammation of skin and subcutaneous tissue
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections

A

what is a furuncle

134
Q

chronic pus inflammation of apocrine glands, usually in the armpit
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections

A

what is hidradentitis

135
Q

cluster of furuncles
deeper pus infection that spreads beneath the deep subcutaneous fascia and then erupts in multiple adjacent skin sinuses
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections

A

what is a carbuncle

136
Q

aerobic gram negative bacillus
can be deadly in people with cystic fibrosis, severe burns, or neutropenia
usually acquired in a hospital
causes corneal keratitis in lens wearers, endocarditis in drug abusers, swimmers ear in healthy individuals, and otitis in people with diabetes

A

what is pseudomonas aeruginosa

137
Q

bacteria that causes chronic pulmonary and systemic disease
can be active or latent

A

what is mycobacterium tuberculosis

138
Q

combination of parenchymal lung lesion and nodal involvement seen in TB cases

A

what is a Ghon complex

139
Q

bacteria move through systemic arterial system
often seen as gray-white tubercles in liver and spleen

A

what is miliary tuberculosis

140
Q

bacteria that are thought to be inhaled or ingested
can cause disease in immunocompromised patients
lots of acid-fast bacilli in macrophages
confirmed by AFB stain

A

what is mycobacterium avium complex

141
Q

lots of acid-fast bacilli within macrophages

A

what is the hallmark of mycobacterium avium complex

142
Q

spirochete, gram-negative bacteria with flagella
transmitted sexually

A

what is syphilis

143
Q

80% tertiary disease (long term, untreated syphilis)
dilation of aortic arch and root with aneurysms
tree-bark appearance of aortic intima

A

what is aortic syphilis

144
Q

tertiary syphilis, often asymptomatic (long term, untreated syphilis)
inflammation of leptomeninges and CSF abnormalities
hemosiderin deposition

A

what is neurosyphilis

145
Q

bacteria that causes Lyme disease
causes arthritis and erythema

A

what is borrelia burgdorferi

146
Q

bacteria that causes tetanus
causes muscular spasms and hypertonia (decreased muscle tone)
prevented with DTP vaccine

A

what is clostridium tetani

147
Q

bacteria that causes cellulitis and myonecrosis (gas gangrene) of surgical wounds
seen in the gas filled gallbladder

A

what is clostridium perfringens

148
Q

bacterial STI
causes inflammation of things like epididymis, prostate, pharynx, eyes, etc

A

what is chlamydia trachomatis

149
Q

bacterial STI
if left untreated, can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy
can cause conjunctivitis in fetuses

A

what is neisseria gonorrhoeae

150
Q

enlarged hypercellular villi, proliferative villous vasculature, and villitis
also, necrotising funisitis

A

what are some hallmarks of congenital syphilis

151
Q

bacteria that often causes sulfur granules in tonsils

A

what are actinomyces

152
Q

aggregates of microorganisms (actinomyces) mixed with inflammatory debris
aka tonsil stones

A

what are sulfur granules

153
Q

fungal infections of superficial layer of skin, hair, and nails

A

what are superficial mycoses

154
Q

fungal infections of the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and lymphatics

A

what are subcutaneous mycoses

155
Q

dimorphic fungal infections that cause systemic illness in healthy people

A

what are endemic mycoses

156
Q

another word for fungal infections

A

what are mycoses

157
Q

fungal pathogen that is caused by normal microbiota breeching the skin or mucosal barriers
leads to thrush, vaginitis, esophagitis, etc.w

A

what is candidiasis albicans

158
Q

fungus (mold) that causes allergies in other serious symptoms in immunocompromised people
can leads to aspergillomas

A

what is aspergillus

159
Q

organized fungus balls seen in those with aspergillus

A

what are aspergillomas

160
Q

proliferating masses of hyphae (branching filament) of aspergillus within pulmonary abscess cavities

A

what are fungus balls

161
Q

parasitic infection that causes significant disease in immunocompromised and pregnant women
caused by eating undercooked meat, drinking contaminated drinking water, or by cleaning a cats litter box
form cysts in muscles and organs

A

what is toxoplasmosis gondii

162
Q

parasitic infection that involves liver and GI
shows up as tiny, white granulomas with schistosome egg

A

what is schistosomiasis

163
Q

granulomas and fibrous tracts of liver caused by schistosomiasis (parasite infection)

A

what is pipe stem fibrosis

164
Q

fibrosis and calcifications of bladder wall due to extreme, untreated schistosomiasis

A

what is “end-stage” schistosomal bladder

165
Q

abnormal pathogenic agents that induce abnormal folding of prion proteins found mostly in the brain

A

what are prions

166
Q

rare form of progressive neuordegenerative disorders caused by prions

A

what are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)

167
Q

most common prion disease worldwide

A

what is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

168
Q

a type of helminths, better known as pinworms

A

what is enterobius vermicularis

169
Q

ticks, scabies, and lice

A

what are ectoparasites

Basic Human Pathology (18 decks)

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