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Medical Terminology > Ch 9 - Endocrine and Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Ch 9 - Endocrine and Nervous Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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2
Q

adren/o

adrenal/o

A

adrenal glands

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3
Q

calc/o

A

calcium

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4
Q

gluc/o

glyc/o

A

sugar, sweetness

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5
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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6
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid glands

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7
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland

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8
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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9
Q

thyr/o

thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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10
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

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11
Q

-dipsia

A

thirst

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12
Q

-trophy

A

development, nourishment

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13
Q

-genesis

A

forming, producing, origin

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14
Q

acr/o

A

extremity

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15
Q

poly-

A

many, much

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16
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

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17
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

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18
Q

anter/o

A

anterior, front

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19
Q

poster/o

A

posterior, back

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20
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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21
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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22
Q

gli/o

A

glue; neuroglial tissue

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23
Q

mening/o

meningi/o

A

meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)

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24
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

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25
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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26
Q

-paresis

A

partial paralysis

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27
Q

-phasia

A

speech

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28
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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29
Q

dors/o

A

back (of body)

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30
Q

ventr/o

A

belly, belly side

31
Q

Addison disease

A

relatively uncommon chronic disorder caused by deficiency of cortical hormones that results when the adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied

32
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

cluster of symptoms caused by excessive amounts of cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) circulating in the blood

33
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin or the body’s inability to utilize insulin properly

34
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

form of diabetes mellitus that is abrupt in onset and is due to the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin, making this type of disease difficult to regulate

35
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

form of diabetes mellitus that is gradual in onset and results from the body’s deficiency in producing enough insulin or resistance to the action of insulin by the body’s cells

36
Q

exophthalmos

A

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball(s), possibly due to thyrotoxicosis, tumor of the orbit, orbital cellulitis, leukemia, or aneurysm

37
Q

Graves disease

A

multi-system autoimmune disorder that involves growth of the thyroid (hyperthyroidism) associated with hypersecretion of thyroxine; also called exophthalmic goiter, thryrotoxicosis, or toxic goiter

38
Q

insulinoma

A

tumor of the islets of Lagerhans; also called a pancreatic tumor

39
Q

myxedema

A

advanced hypothyroidism in adults that results from hypofunction of the thyroid gland and affects body fluids, causing edema and increasing blood volume and increasing blood pressure

40
Q

obesity

A

excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight.

morbid obesity: BMI of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 lbs or more over ideal body weight

41
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

42
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla

43
Q

pituitarism

A

any disorder of the pituitary gland and its function

44
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

chronic, organic mental disorder that is a progressive form of presenile dementia caused by atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain

45
Q

epilepsy

A

disorder affecting the central nervous system that is characterized by recurrent seizures

46
Q

Huntington chorea

A

hereditary nervous disorder caused by the progressive loss of brain cells, leading to bizarre, involuntary, dancelike movements

47
Q

hydrocephalus

A

cranial enlargement caused by accumulation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain

48
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscle symptoms

49
Q

neuroblastoma

A

malignant tumor composed principally of cells resembling neuroblasts

50
Q

palsy

A

partial or complete loss of motor function; also called paralysis

51
Q

Bell palsy

A

facial paralysis on one side of the face because of inflammation of a facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), most likely caused by a viral infection

52
Q

cerebral palsy

A

bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis , which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary

53
Q

paralysis

A

loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both

54
Q

Parkinson disease

A

progressive, degenerative neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement

55
Q

poliomyelitis

A

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

56
Q

sciatica

A

severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot

57
Q

seizure

A

convulsion or other clinically detectable event caused by a sudden discharge of electrical activity in the brain that may be classified as partial or generalized

58
Q

shingles

A

eruption of acute, inflammatory, herpetic vesicles caused by herpes zoster virus on the trunk of the body along a peripheral nerve

59
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude

spina bifida occulta: most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges

spina bifida cystica: more severe type of spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele), or both (meningomyelocele)

60
Q

spinal cord injuries

A

severe injuries to the spinal cord, such as vertebral fractures and dislocations, resulting in impairment of spinal cord function below the level of the injury

61
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs

62
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four extremities and, usually, the trunk

63
Q

transient ischemic attack

A

temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, lasting a few minutes to a few hours

64
Q

radioactive iodine update (RAIU) test

A

imaging procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thyroid after oral or IV administration of radioactive iodine

65
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

A

lab test in which CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture is evaluated macroscopically for clarity, color, and microscopically for cells, and chemically for proteins and other substances

66
Q

lumbar puncture

A

insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column at the level of the fourth intervertebral space to withdraw CSF in order to perform various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures – spinal tap or spinal puncture

67
Q

adrenalectomy

A

surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands to remove a benign or cancerous tumor, aid in correcting a hormone imbalance, prevent metastasis or, occasionally, prevent adrenal gland hormone excretion from exacerbating an existing condition such as breast cancer

68
Q

thyroidectomy

A

excision of one lobe (subtotal thyroidectomy) or the entire thyroid gland (thyroid lobectomy)

69
Q

craniotomy

A

surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures

70
Q

thalamotomy

A

partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain

71
Q

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

oral administration or injection of synthetic hormones to correct a deficiency in such hormones as of estrogen, testosterone, or thyroid hormone

71
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Glandular in nature

72
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Nervous tissue

Medical Terminology (9 decks)

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