ch 9: cellular respiration

Question 1

glycolysis

Answer 1

oxidation of glucose

Question 2

what are the inputs of glycolysis?

Answer 2

• glucose
• 2 NAD+
• 2 ATP
• 4 ADP + 4Pi

Question 3

outputs of glycolysis

Answer 3

• 2 molecules of pyruvate
• 2 NADH
• 4 ATP

Question 4

what gets reduced in glycolysis?

Answer 4

NAD+ into NADH

Question 5

what gets oxidized in glycolysis?

Answer 5

glucose becomes 2 molecules of pyruvate

Question 6

how does the ATP cycle work in glycolysis?

Answer 6

1. 2 ATP are used up in the first step of glycolysis and becomes ADP
2. the 4 ADP results in 4 ATP in the second step

Question 7

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 7

enzyme directly transfers a phosphate group from another substrate to ADP to create ATP

Question 8

what is glycolysis regulated by?

Answer 8

excess ATP

Question 9

why does ATP stop glycolysis and how does it do it?

Answer 9

because cells make ATP as needed, so it stops it by binding to the regulatory site and changing the shape of the protein forcing the function to change, which stops glycolysis

Question 10

where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 10

in the cytosol

Question 11

can glycolysis occur in all cell types?

Answer 11

yes, because all cells have cytosol

Question 12

does glycolysis require oxygen?

Answer 12

NO

Question 13

aerobic respiration of glucose

Answer 13

the products of glycolysis from the cytosol get brought into the mitochondria

Question 14

does aerobic respiration of glucose occur in all cell types?

Answer 14

no, only eukaryotes because they have a mitochondria

Question 15

is oxygen required for cellular respiration?

Answer 15

YES

Question 16

pyruvate oxidation and processing

Answer 16

moving from the cytosol to the mitochondria

Question 17

where is pyruvate shuttled to from cytosol?

Answer 17

mitochondrial matrix

Question 18

does pyruvate get oxidized?

Answer 18

yes and it forms acetyl-CoA

Question 19

inputs of pyruvate processing

Answer 19

2 pyruvate
2 NAD+
coenzyme A

Question 20

what gets reduced in the pyruvate oxidation step?

Answer 20

NAD+ is reduced into NADH

Question 20

outputs of pyruvate processing

Answer 20

2 NADH
2 CO2
2 acetyl coa

Question 21

what is formed in the step of pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 21

first molecule of CO2`

Question 22

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 22

production of ATP molecules by ATP synthase using the proton gradient established by redox reactions of the electron transport chain

Question 23

does substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation produce more ATP?

Answer 23

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 24

ATP synthase

Answer 24

the enzyme that creates ATP and releases it

Question 25

what is the main purpose of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 25

NAD+ and FAD2+ reduced to NADH and FADH2

Question 26

inputs of citric acid cycle

Answer 26

2 acetyl coa 3 NAD+ 1 ADP 1 FAD

Question 27

outputs of citric acid cycle

Answer 27

2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH 4 CO2

Question 28

how many times does the citric acid happen per 1 glucose?

Answer 28

2 times

Question 29

is the citric acid cycle anaerobic or aerobic?

Answer 29

aerobic

Question 30

is the ATP in the citric acid cycle made by substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 30

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 31

what do NADH and FADH do after being reduced?

Answer 31

carry H+ atoms from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain

Question 32

how is the citric acid cycle regulated?

Answer 32

acetyl CoA is stopped by allosteric regulation by ATP and NAD+ reduction is stopped by competitive inhibition by NADH

Question 33

what is necessary to power the ATP synthase and where does this happen?

Answer 33

high concentration of H+ ions in the intermembrane space which occurs in the electron transport chain

Question 34

where are the H+ ions coming from in the electron transport chain?

Answer 34

NADH and FADH2

Question 35

how are the H+ ions activating the ATP synthase?

Answer 35

it uses energy from an electron to carry out active transport of H+ against the concentration gradient

Question 36

what also happens to the ETC while actively transporting the H+?

Answer 36

the protein complexes and cofactors of the ETC undergo redox reactions

Question 37

what is the final electron acceptor in the redox chain?

Answer 37

oxygen

Question 38

what happens to the oxygen in the final step?

Answer 38

combines with H+ to make H2O

Question 39

what do the pool of H+ ions do after active transport?

Answer 39

activates and spins the ATP synthase which then creates and releases 25 ATP

Question 40

is cellular respiration exergonic or endergonic?

Answer 40

exergonic

Question 41

what happens if there is no oxygen available for cellular respiration?

Answer 41

the mitochondiral metabolism is blocked meaning pyruvate cannot be processed

Question 42

what other process can still occur without oxygen?

Answer 42

fermentation: which oxidizes NADH into NAD+

Question 43

what happens when there is no glucose?

Answer 43

fats and proteins feed aerobic respiration with the atoms needed to power the ATP synthase

Question 44

is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 44

aerobic

Question 45

what are the final outputs of cellular respiration?

Answer 45

H2O, Co2, and many ATP

Question 46

fermentation

Answer 46

anaerobic process and converts pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol + CO2