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foundations of biology > ch 10: photosynthesis > Flashcards

ch 10: photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what do plants absorb while exposed to sunlight? and how does it affect the plant?

A

they absorb water and carbon dioxide while exposed to sunlight to increase in weight

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2
Q

how many membranes do chloroplast have?

A

three

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3
Q

thylakoids

A

series of internal membrane systems and the site of photosynthesis

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4
Q

what is photosynthesis the transformation of?

A

radiant energy to chemical energy

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5
Q

is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic?

A

endergonic, anabolic process

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6
Q

what type of reactions does photosynthesis involve?

A

redox reactions

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7
Q

what is reduced during photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide gas is reduced to form glucose

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8
Q

what is oxidized during photosynthesis?

A

water is oxidized to form oxygen gas

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9
Q

light reactions

A

collect light energy, oxidize H2O, and store energy as ATP and NADPH

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10
Q

light-independent reactions

A

use ATP and NADPH (from light reactions) to reduce CO2 and produce carbohydrates

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11
Q

NADP+ and NADPH

A

electron carrier found in plants

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12
Q

what wavelengths are most effective at triggering photosynthesis?

A

violet-blue and red wavelengths

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13
Q

what absorbs light in the red and blue wavelengths?

A

photosynthetic pigments

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14
Q

what does the head of the chlorophyll do?

A

absorbs light and gets excited by photon

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15
Q

what does the tail part of the chlorophyll do?

A

anchors chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane

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16
Q

photosystem II

A

pumps ions to create ATP

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17
Q

photosystem I

A

reduces NADP+ to NADPH

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18
Q

first step of photosystem II

A

pigments absorb photon and the electrons get excited

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19
Q

what are the 3 possible outcomes when an electron is excited?

A
  1. releases flourescene and heat
  2. resonance energy trasnsfer: transfers energy to nearby pigment
  3. reduction/oxidation: electron is transferred to new compound
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20
Q

how long are the photons excited?

A

until they reach the reaction center

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21
Q

what happens after they reach the reaction center?

A

the electrons get sent to the electron acceptor, pheophytin

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22
Q

what happens after pheophytin accepts electrons?

A

electrons relaxes back to ground state through redox reactions in an electron transport chain

23
Q

what does the electron transport chain do?

A

actively transports H+ to thylakoid lumen which creates a high concentration of H+ that flows through ATP synthase to make ATP

24
Q

during this process, what happens to one specific excited electron?

A

it gets lost to an electron transporter which creates a “hole”

25
Q

what is split to provide electrons to fill the hole?

A

water is spilt in photosystem II

26
Q

when water is split, what happens?

A

release of O2, and accumulation of H+ in thylakoid lumen which runs ATP synthase

27
Q

Z Scheme

A

the electron transport chain brings electrons to photosystem I

28
Q

what happens when the electrons reach photosystem I?

A

it gets excited by photons and go to the reaction center

29
Q

after the reaction center in photosystem I, what happens?

A

the electrons get sent to ferredoxin

30
Q

what does ferredoxin do?

A

reduce NADP+ to NADPH

31
Q

cyclic electron flow in photosystem I

A

excited electrons are transferred back to the ETC to generate ATP instead of reducing NADP

32
Q

do cyclic and linear electron flow happen at the same time?

A

yes, it depends on the need of the cell

33
Q

why does the cyclic electron flow produce ATP?

A

to meet the energy needs of the Calvin cycle

34
Q

where do light dependent reactions occur?

A

in the thylakoid

35
Q

where do light-independent reactions occur?

A

the stroma

36
Q

type of light-independent reaction

A
  • CO2 fixation and calvin cycle
37
Q

what is CO2 reduced to in the calvin cycle?

A

carbohydrates

38
Q

what do enzymes in the stroma use to reduce CO2?

A

the energy in ATP and NADPH for the calvin cycle

39
Q

what is the enzyme responsible for taking carbon dioxide molecules and make sugars?

40
Q

what is the calvin cycle

A

CO2 goes in and carbohydrate comes out

41
Q

what part of the chloroplast does the calvin cycle occur?

42
Q

is ATP used or generated in the calvin cycle?

A

it uses the ATP produced from the light-dependent reaction

43
Q

3 steps of the calvin cycle

A
  1. fixing carbon by RuBisCo
  2. reducing 3PGA
  3. regenerating RuBP
44
Q

fixing carbon

A

CO2 binds with RuBisCo to form two molecules of
3PG

45
Q

reducing 3PGA

A

3PGA gets reduced to 6 molecules of G3P using ATP and NADPH and one molecule of G3P exits the cycle
- ATP gets oxidized to ADP + Pi
- NADPH gets oxidized to NADP+

46
Q

regenerating RuBP

A

the remaining 5 molecules of G3P use ATP to regenerate RuBP

47
Q

why does photosystem I do cyclic flow?

A

because the calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH

48
Q

fates of G3P

A
  1. regenerates RuBP
  2. directly fuels glycolysis at the energy payout phase
  3. converted and exported to the cytoplasm to make glucose
  4. polymerized into starch molecules and stored in chloroplasts
49
Q

why can rubisco be a problem?

A

can bind to CO2 and O2 at the same time

50
Q

what happens if rubisco binds to O2?

A

photorespiration: carbon loss due to binding to O2

51
Q

what do C4 plants do to fix the problem of rubisco?

A

it fixes a 4 carbon molecule using PEP carboxylase which rubisco will use later for the calvin cycle
- minimizes photorespiration

52
Q

what do C3 plants use for the calvin cycle?

53
Q

spatial seperation in C4 plants

A

carbon fixing and the calvin cycle occur in different cell types

54
Q

temporal seperation in CAM plants

A

carbon fixing occurs at night and the calvin cycle occurs during the day

foundations of biology (12 decks)

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