ch 4: nucleic acids and an RNA world

Question 1

what are nucleic acids made up of?

Answer 1

nucleotides

Question 2

what are 3 components of a nucleotide?

Answer 2

phosphate group, five carbon sugar, and nitrogen containing phase

Question 3

how is the nucleotide bonded together?

Answer 3

phosphate group bonded to 5th carbon of sugar molecule, and base bonded to 1st carbon of sugar

Question 4

what is the central component of nucleotide?

Answer 4

five-carbon sugar

Question 5

what does the nitrogen containing base consist of?

Answer 5

purines and pyrimidines

Question 6

purines

Answer 6

class of double-ringed nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides
-adenine and guanine

Question 7

pyrmidines

Answer 7

class of single-ringed nitrogenous bases
- cytosine, uracil and thymine

Question 8

how do nucleotides polymerize?

Answer 8

through condensation reactions between hydroxyl on the sugar in one nucleotide and phosphate group of another nucleotide

Question 9

what does the reaction form and release?

Answer 9

forms covalent bond and releases one water molecule

Question 10

phosphodiester linkage

Answer 10

chemical linkage between adjacent nucleotide residues in DNA and RNA

Question 11

what is the directionality of DNA and RNA strands?

Answer 11

5’ to 3’ and nucleotides are added only to 3’ end of a growing nucleic acid molecule

Question 12

how does entropy change when nucleotides polymerize into nucleic acids?

Answer 12

entropy decreases

Question 13

cell function of ATP

Answer 13

cellular energy source

Question 14

cell function of GTP

Answer 14

energy and cell signaling molecule

Question 15

cell function of cAMP

Answer 15

cell signaling messenger

Question 16

how are nucleotides held together?

Answer 16

by strong covalent bonds called phosphodiester which creates a sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA

Question 17

what holds together 3-d shape of both RNA and DNA?

Answer 17

hydrogen bonding between base pairs

Question 18

DNA

Answer 18

stores information to make proteins

Question 19

RNA

Answer 19

uses DNA information to make proteins, enzymes, gene regulatory units, signaling

Question 20

nucleotide triphosphates

Answer 20

activated nucleotides known as ATP or dATP

Question 21

what is the sugar of RNA?

Answer 21

ribose

Question 22

is RNA or DNA more stable?

Answer 22

DNA because RNA has an -OH group

Question 23

RNA nucleotide pairs

Answer 23

A, U, G, C

Question 24

mRNA

Answer 24

transmits information needed to synthesize polypeptides

Question 25

ribozymes

Answer 25

RNA enzymes that catalyze reactions like protein enzymes

Question 26

how do RNA undergo hydrogen bonding?

Answer 26

on SAME STRAND