ch 2: water and carbon

Question 1

proton charge and mass

Answer 1

positive and 1 amu

Question 2

neutron charge and mass

Answer 2

neutral and 1amu

Question 3

electron charge and mass

Answer 3

negative and no mass

Question 4

mass number

Answer 4

number of protons and neutrons

Question 5

atomic number

Answer 5

number of protons

Question 6

isotopes

Answer 6

form of an element that differs in # of neutrons

Question 7

covalent bonds

Answer 7

two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Question 8

nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 8

equally shared electrons

Question 9

polar covalent bonds

Answer 9

uneven sharing of electrons

Question 10

ions

Answer 10

carry full electric charge, either cation or anion

Question 11

ionic bonds

Answer 11

electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other and gives both atoms a full valence shell

Question 12

solvent

Answer 12

agent for dissolving

Question 13

solute

Answer 13

substance that is dissolved in a liquid

Question 14

is water a solute or solvent

Answer 14

solvent

Question 15

hydrogen bonds

Answer 15

attraction between hydrogen with a partial positive charge and another atom with a negative charge

Question 16

what do hydrogen bonds form between?

Answer 16

water molecules and polar solutes

Question 17

what compounds are hydrophilic

Answer 17

polar compounds containing partially or fully charged atoms

Question 18

what kind of compounds are hydrophobic?

Answer 18

nonpolar

Question 19

van der Waals

Answer 19

weak electrical attraction between two nonpolar molecules of parts of a molecule that have been brought together

Question 20

are van der waals hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 20

hydrophobic

Question 21

cohesion

Answer 21

stay together due to hydrogen bonds

Question 22

example of cohesion

Answer 22

water molecules at the surface form hydrogen bonds with nearby water molecules and resist the upward pull of adhesion

Question 23

adhesion

Answer 23

attractions between unlike molecules

Question 24

what surfaces does adhesion occur between?

Answer 24

liquid and solid surface

Question 25

example of adhesion

Answer 25

water adheres to surfaces that have polar or charged components

Question 26

surface tension

Answer 26

cohesive forces caused by attraction between the molecules at the surface of a liquid

Question 27

what type of force does water resist?

Answer 27

any forces that increases its surface area

Question 28

what causes the elastic membrane of water to be stronger than other liquids?

Answer 28

hydrogen bonds

Question 29

is water denser as a liquid or solid?

Answer 29

liquid because there are more molecules in water as a liquid than solid

Question 30

specific heat

Answer 30

amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius

Question 31

does water have a high specific heat?

Answer 31

yes, because when a source of energy hits it, hydrogen bonds must be broken before heat can be transferred

Question 32

heat of vaporization

Answer 32

energy required to change 1 gram of water from liquid to gas

Question 33

why does water lose heat?

Answer 33

because it absorbs a lot of energy to evaporate

Question 34

acids

Answer 34

gives up protons or accepts electrons during a chemical reaction or release hydrogen ions when dissolved

Question 35

bases

Answer 35

gets protons or gives up electrons during a chemical reaction or accepts hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Question 36

buffers

Answer 36

compounds that minimize changes in pH because they reduce the impact of adding acids or bases on the overall pH of a solution

Question 37

are buffers usually acids or bases?

Answer 37

weak acids

Question 38

why are buffers important?

Answer 38

to maintain homostasis

Question 39

polymers

Answer 39

long chains of monomers joined by covalent bonds

Question 40

condensation reaction

Answer 40

joins monomers together to build a polymer - brings energy in

Question 41

hydrolysis reaction

Answer 41

breaks polymers apart into constituent monomers - releases energy