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Intro to psych > ch. 9 > Flashcards

ch. 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life and it includes both growth and decline

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2
Q

Nature

A

Biological inheritance

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3
Q

Aspects of development

A

Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional

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4
Q

Nurture

A

Environmental experiences

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5
Q

Self’s influence on development

A

Individuals take active roles in own development

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6
Q

Germinal Period (1-2 weeks)

A

AKA Zygotic period
conception
fertilization
zygote

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7
Q

Embryonic period (Weeks 3-8)

A

Differentiation of tissue
organ formation

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8
Q

Fetal period (2-9 months)

A

Development of functionality

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9
Q

Prenatal Development: Teratogens

A

Agents that cause birth defects
-nicotine
-alcohol
-STIs

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10
Q

Why are the first 8 weeks a sensitive period of development?

A

All of the major organs and body systems are forming and can be damaged if the fetus is exposed to drugs, alcohol, and STIs, etc.

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11
Q

Reflexes

A

Genetically wired behaviors and some are crucial for survival
-coughing, blinking, and yawning

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12
Q

Grasping

A

an involuntary response.

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13
Q

Rooting

A

This reflex starts when the corner of the baby’s mouth is stroked or touched

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14
Q

Moro

A

a normal reflex for an infant when he or she is startled or feels like they are falling.

ex. they have a startled look and the arms will fling out sideways with the palms up and the thumbs flexed

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15
Q

Galant “fencing”

A

This reflex occurs when the side of the infant’s spine is stroked or tapped while the infant lies on the stomach.

ex. the infant will twitch their hips toward the touch in a dancing movement

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16
Q

Stepping

A

a baby appears to take steps or dance when held upright with his or her feet touching a solid surface.

ex. This reflex lasts about 2 months.

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17
Q

Toe Curling/Babinski

A

occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. and it is their tow curling

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18
Q

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

A

Children actively construct their cognitive world using:
Schemas
-concepts or frameworks that organize information
Assimilation
-apply old (existing) schemas to new experiences
Accommodation
-Adjust/alter schemas to new information

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19
Q

sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

A

coordinate sensations with movements

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20
Q

preoperational stage (2-7 years)

A

symbolic thinking: words & images
intuitive reasoning
Egocentrism
Lacks operations (reversible mental processes

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21
Q

concrete operational stage (7-11 yrs)

A

operational thinking (e.g., conservation)
reversibility
classification skills
reason logically in concrete contexts

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22
Q

Formal operational stage (11-15 yrs)

A

lasts through adulthood
abstract and idealistic thought
hypothetical-deductive reasoning

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23
Q

Concrete thinking

A

Ability to produce operational thinking
-better able to have advanced hierarchy of characteristics

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24
Q

Attachment

A

close emotional bonds between an infant and their primary caregiver
-high quantities of oxytocin creates an easier time when bonding
-creates the groundwork for later in life relationships
-if not exercised in early life it can affect future relationships

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25
Q

Why are they attached to their caregiver?

A
  • Protection
  • Food
  • Encouraged because this is
    The person that positive reinforcement when they reach for them.
  • Familiarity
26
Q

Object permanence

A

a child’s ability to know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard
(8 moths old and sensorimotor stage)

27
Q

egocentrism

A

the tendency to emphasize one’s own needs, concerns, and outcomes rather than those of others
(2-7 yrs old)

28
Q

animistic thinking

A

the belief that inanimate objects are capable of actions and have lifelike qualities.
(4-5 yrs old)

29
Q

conservation

A

logical thinking ability
(7-11 yrs old)

30
Q

abstract/ hypothetical reasoning

A

imagining possibilities and exploring their consequences through a process of mental simulation.
(12 yrs and up)

31
Q

Harlow’s Rhesus Monkey Experiment: is it nourishment or contact comfort that matters?

A

the monkeys would rather comfort rather than nourishment because they would only go to get nourishment when they needed it and spent time with the comfortable monkey.

*contact comfort is critical to attachment

32
Q

Oxytocin

A

Attachment/ emotional bonds

33
Q

Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation

A

Caregivers leave infant alone with stranger, then return.

34
Q

Secure attachment

A

seeks closeness with mother when stranger enters. uses her as a safe base from which to explore, shows moderate distress on separation from her, and is happy when she returns.

35
Q

Insecure attachment

A

characterized by a lack of trust and a lack of a secure base

36
Q

anxious ambivalent

A

infant becomes very upset when mother leaves the room and shows mixed emotions when she returns

37
Q

anxious avoidant

A

infant does not seek closeness or contact with the mother and shows little emotion when the mother departs or returns.

38
Q

disorganized/disoriented

A

infant exhibits avoidant or ambivalent attachment, often seeming either confused of apprehensive in the presence of the mother.

39
Q

Neglect

A

no attachment to anyone

40
Q

The socioemotional development

A

Two possible outcomes: a greater strength/ or a greater weakness

41
Q

Trust vs. Misuse

A
  • Basic needs met by sensitive caregivers
42
Q

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

A

(18 months old to 3yrs)
- Discover and assert will of their own
- During this time period the child will discover their own free will

43
Q

Initiative vs. guilt

A

Challenge to assume responsibility
Stage of 3-5 yrs old and this where the kids like to take responsibility

44
Q

industry vs. inferiority

A

Mastering knowledge and intellectual skills

45
Q

Neglectful

A

uninvolved no support and no expectations

46
Q

Authoritative

A

highly demanding and highly supportive (more self-esteem in kids and I will help to get you there)

47
Q

Authoritarian

A

highly demanding and not supporting (because I said so and no support do better)

48
Q

Permissive

A

highly supportive and not demanding (wants to be a friend Ex. Mean girls mom)

49
Q

Kohlberg’s stage of moral development

A

pre conventional level
conventional level
postconventional level

50
Q

Physical development: puberty

A

rapid skeletal and sexual maturation
puberty begins at beginning of adolescence

51
Q

Testosterone

A

genital development, height, voice changes

52
Q

Estrodiol (estrogen)

A

breast, uterine, and skeletal development

52
Q

Piaget’s formal operational stage of cognitive development

A

Egocentrism
imaginary audience
Sense of uniqueness,
Personal fable
Invincibility

52
Q

Brain development

A

Early: amygdala (emotions)
Late: prefrontal cortex (reasoning and decision making, risk taking)

52
Q

Emerging adulthood (extended adolescence)

A

identity exploration
instability
self-focus
feeling “in between”
age of possibilities

52
Q

Middle adulthood 40s & 50s

A

Physical: Lose height, gain weight; women experience menopause
Cognitive: Memory peeks, highest level of functioning for most intellectual abilitie

52
Q

Early adulthood 20s & 30s

A

peak of physical development
cognitive: idealism gives way to pragmatism(attitude)

53
Q

Late adulthood 60s+

A

Physical: less ability to repair/regenerate
Cognitive: speed of processing & working memory capacity declines; Wisdom increases

53
Q

the aging brain

A

Surviving/healthy neurons take up slack for their deceased/disabled neighbors.
Results in reduced lateralization (the brain works even more as a whole rather than with as many specialized areas)

54
Q

Erikson’s last three stages of socioemotional development

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair

Intro to psych (8 decks)

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