Ch 7 Flashcards
Memory
The continued process of information retention over time.
Encoding
Process information into the memory system like how data is entered and encoded in a way that the computer can understand.
Storage
Retained information over time like how data is stored in a computer’s hard drive.
Retrieval
Recover info from memory storage like files opened in a computer
Selective Attention
The cognitive process of attending to one or fewer sensory stimuli (i.e., external and internal) while ignoring or suppressing all other irrelevant sensory inputs
Divided Attention (multitasking)
The ability to pay attention to two tasks at once
Sustained Attention (vigilance)
The ability to focus on an activity or stimulus over a long period of time.
Shallow Processing
Refers to a superficial level of mental processing that primarily focuses on the surface-level features of information like physical traits
Intermediate Processing
Involves maintenance rehearsal and leads to fairly short-term retention of information.
Deep Processing
Meaningful personal experiences (e.g. images, thinking, associations, etc.) of information and leads to better recall
Elaboration
Enhances memory
The Dual Code Hypothesis (Paivio)
verbal code – word or label
image code – detailed and distinctive
Images are stored in both codes.
Superior to verbal codes alone
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
Long term memory
-relatively permanent
-Virtually unlimited
Sensory Memory
Sensory is paying attention of things we want to know or are more important
-purposeful focus
Short Term Memory
Processing and temporary storage
-capacity and duration are limited
- 20-30s
- (7+2)
Echoic
It’s the ultra-short-term memory of auditory stimuli you’ve just heard
Iconic
A type of short-term sensory memory in which one can recall visual images for just a few milliseconds after the physical image has disappeared
Chunking
Grouping related items together so that someone can remember them more easily
Ex. taking your keys, wallet, phone because they are things that people need everyday
Maintenance Rehearsal
The straight repeating of information to memorize it
Long Term Memory
Explicit memory (declarative)
Episodic (own memories)
Sematic (general knowledge)
Implicit Memory (nondeclarative)
afected by past experiences
Baddeley’s Working Memory
A multicomponent system to store temporarily information as it is processed.
Visio-Spatial Sketchpad
The component of working memory that processes visual information (the visual cache) and spatial information (the inner scribe).
Phonological Loop
repeating of something that was heard
Central Executive
making decisions
Forgetting
The loss or change in information that was was previously stored in short-term or long-term memory.
Interference Theory- Proactive
Occurs when old information or knowledge interferes with the learning of new information.
Interference Theory-retroactive
When newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories
Decay Theory
A theory that proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time
Tip Of The Tongue Phenomenon (TOT)
A state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning.
