Ch. 6

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

helps explain involuntary behavior and it is in control of a response (fear)

Question 2

Extinction

Answer 2

Classical conditioning (CS) weakened by presenting the classical conditioning (CS) without the unconditioned classical conditioning (UCS)

Question 3

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 3

CR (conditioned response) recurs after a time delay without any more learning

Question 4

Generalization

Answer 4

CR’s (conditioned response) may also appear after various NS (neutral stimulus) that are similar to the CS (Classical conditioning)

-Ex. a dog reacting to any doorbell even if it is not from its house it still reacts)

Question 5

Discrimination

Answer 5

CRs (conditioned response) appear after the CS (classical conditioning) but not after other, similar stimuli

Ex. a child who is scared by a man with a beard may fail to discriminate between bearded men and generalize that all men with beards are to be feared.

Question 6

Operant conditioning

Answer 6

the consequences of a behavior change the probability of that behavior happening again

Question 7

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 7

consequences strengthen or weaken an S-R (stimulus response) connection

Question 8

Shaping

Answer 8

a form of behavior modification based with operant conditioning

Question 9

Reinforcement

Answer 9

reinforcement increases behavior

Question 10

Positive reinforcement

Answer 10

behavior followed by rewarding consequence, rewarding stimulus is added

Question 11

Learned helplessness

Answer 11

an organism has no control over negative outcome

all kinds of attempts -> nothing works

Question 12

Primary reinforces

Answer 12

Innately satisfying (ice cream)

Question 13

Secondary reinforces

Answer 13

becomes satisfying through experience (money)

Question 14

Punishment

Answer 14

punishment decreases behavior

Question 15

Positive punishment

Answer 15

behavior is followed by aversive (unpleasant) consequence is added

Ex. Getting a ticket

Question 16

Negative punishment

Answer 16

behavior followed by unpleasant consequence and the rewarding stimulus is taken away

Ex. time out, taken phone away, etc.

Question 17

Neutral stimulus

Answer 17

a stimulus that at first elicits no response.
ex. sound of bell

Question 18

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 18

a stimulus that leads to an automatic response

Ex. In Pavlov’s experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 19

Innate S-R (stimulus response) association

Answer 19

formed by the repeated co-occurrence of stimuli and actions

Question 20

Unconditioned response

Answer 20

an automatic response to a stimulus

Ex. The smell of a favorite food, which immediately makes you feel hungry

Question 21

Conditioned response

Answer 21

Ex. drooling when the dog heard the bell because it knows its getting food

Question 22

Acquisition/learning

Answer 22

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

Question 23

Basic functions of the neurotransmitters

Answer 23

carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell.