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biology final > Ch. 9 & 10 DNA & Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Ch. 9 & 10 DNA & Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

If DNA is genetic material, it must be able to what?

A

Replicate itself.

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2
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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3
Q

How many parts does the lac operon consists on?

A

Five.

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4
Q

What is an intron?

A

DNA and RNA sequences that do nit code for proteins.

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5
Q

What enzyme “unzips” the two strands of DNA?

A

Helicase.

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6
Q

What does tRNA stand for?

A

Tranfer RNA

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7
Q

What is gene expression?

A

It is the protein synthesis process.

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8
Q

What is an exon?

A

codes for proteins.

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9
Q

How many types of nucleotides are there?

A

four

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10
Q

What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase prove in 1952?

A

that DNA carried genetic material

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11
Q

What group do Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil belong to?

A

Pyrimidines Group

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12
Q

Name the types of nucleotides in RNA.

A

Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, and Cytosine

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13
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

It starts to make two new strands of DNA complimentary to the old strands.

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14
Q

Name the nucleotides in the Purine group.

A

Adenine & Guanine

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15
Q

What do ribosomes temporarily hold as they build proteins?

A

mRNA and tRNA.

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16
Q

How many steps does DNA replication happen in?

A

Three.

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17
Q

What does tRNA TEMPORARILY carry?

A

It carries one amino acid on one end.

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18
Q

What does gene rearrangements include?

A

Transposition and chromosomal rearrangements.

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19
Q

How many steps does protein synthesis have?

A

Two.

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20
Q

Define genes.

A

Segments of DNA that code for certain proteins.

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21
Q

Introns are excised (cut out) by what?

A

Proteins called splicesomes.

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22
Q

Name the steps in protein synthesis.

A
  1. Transcription. 2. Translation.
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23
Q

Name the types of nucleotides in DNA.

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine

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24
Q

What does transcription involve?

A

The transfer of instruction for making protein on DNA to mRNA.

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25
Q

Name the two sites that ribosomes have.

A

P and A.

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26
Q

What is the lactose metabolism formula?

A

lactose breaks down with the help of beta-galactosidase into galactose and glucose.

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27
Q

The amino acids sequence of protein are good indicators of what?

A

Evolutionary relationships.

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28
Q

What does the regulator do?

A

Codes for the repressor protein.

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29
Q

In what case would a cell turn on the gene to make enzymes break down lactose?

A

When lactose is present. Lactose acts as an inducer, removing the repressor so RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and starts transcription.

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30
Q

What can prokaryotes and eukaryotes control?

A

They can control which gene can be expressed and which are not.

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31
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

ribomosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein.

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32
Q

What group do Adenine and Guanine belong to?

A

Purines Group

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33
Q

What is transformation?

A

a change in genotype when cells take up foreign DNA

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34
Q

What was Griffith trying to find?

A

a vaccine for pneumonia

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35
Q

What do point mutations consist of?

A

deletion and insertion.

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36
Q

Who determined the structure of DNA in 1953?

A

James Watson & Francis Crick

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37
Q

In translation, how is the mRNA read?

A

As three nucleotide codes.

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38
Q

Name the parts that make up a RNA nucleotide.

A

Ribose(sugar), one phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base

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39
Q

What helped determine the structure of DNA in 1952?

A

The X-ray photos taken by Maurine Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

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40
Q

Name the parts that make up a DNA nucleotide.

A

Deoxyribose(sugar), one phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base

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41
Q

What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase work with?

A

bacteriophages

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42
Q

Who discovered transformation?

A

Frederick Griffith

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43
Q

Early studies on gene expression were done in which cells?

A

prokaryotes.

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44
Q

What did Frederick Griffith discover in 1928?

A

Transformation

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45
Q

Name the three ways in which gene expression in eukaryotes is controlled?

A

splicing of introns, enhancers, transcription factors.

46
Q

Early studies on gene expressions were done studying what?

A

The lac operon.

47
Q

What is a double helix like?

A

a winding staircase

48
Q

In how many ways is gene expressions in eukaryotes explained?

A

three.

49
Q

What is an enhancer?

A

The segment of DNA that helps transcription factors bind to the promoter.

50
Q

What is the operator?

A

The bindind site for n inhibitor to block transcription.

51
Q

What enzyme starts to make two new strands of DNA complimentary to the old strands?

A

DNA polymerase.

52
Q

What is tRNA?

A

A single stranded RNA molecule.

53
Q

What helps translation make the protein?

A

tRNA and Ribosomes.

54
Q

Are proteins made directly from DNA?

A

False.

55
Q

Name the process of DNA replication.

A
  1. The two original DNA strands separate. 2. DNA polymerases adds complimentary nucleotides to each strand. 3. Two DNA molecules form that are identical to the original DNA molecule.
56
Q

What is the structural genes?

A

Genes that codes for certain proteins/ polypeptides.

57
Q

What does each coden do?

A

codes for an amino acid.

58
Q

What does the inducer do?

A

It removes the repressor to allow transcription.

59
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A three nucleotide sequence in the tRNA.

60
Q

What are the subunits that make up DNA?

A

nucleotides

61
Q

What is the promoter?

A

A region in the gene.

62
Q

What is a coden?

A

It is every three nucleotides on the mRNA strand.

63
Q

Describe the relationship between anticodon and a codon.

A

they are complementary to each other

64
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

substances from killed or weakened disease causing agents

65
Q

What did Griffith find?

A

He found that harmless bacteria became virulent when mixed with disease causing bacteria

66
Q

What did Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin help determine with x-ray photos?

A

the structure of DNA

67
Q

How many steps are in translation?

A

seven.

68
Q

How are traits determined?

A

By proteins that are encoded for DNA.

69
Q

Name the types of RNA?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.

70
Q

The complimentary structure of DNA is used to make what?

A

Exact copies of itself when a cell divides.

71
Q

What does translation involve?

A

It involves two other RNA molecules that read the instructions on the mRNA and put together the amino acids that make up proteins.

72
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that carry bacteria

73
Q

Define messenger RNA (mRNA).

A

The molecule that copies and carries DNA’s code.

74
Q

Name the process of transcription.

A

1.RNA, Polymerase, binds to the genes promoter. 2. RNA Polymerase unwinds and unzips the DNA strands. 3. RNA Polymerase adds complimentary RNA nucleotides until it reaches the “terminator” region of a gene.

75
Q

What is every three nucleotides on the mRNA strand called?

A

A coden.

76
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

The nucleus.

77
Q

What did James Watson & Francis Crick determine in 1953?

A

Using Chargaff’s notes and the photograph from Wilkins and Franklin they determined the structure of DNA

78
Q

Name the parts that make up the lac operon.

A

Structural, genes, promoter, operator, regulator, and reducer.

79
Q

How many type of mutations are there?

A

two.

80
Q

What is the end product of translation.

A

Protein.

81
Q

Who discovered that the complementary nucleotides always equal each other?

A

Erwin Chargaff (1949)

82
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in DNA that can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence and ultimately the protein.

83
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

The subunits that make up DNA

84
Q

What is the DNA’s shape?

A

double helix

85
Q

What do transcription factors do?

A

Help RNA polymares bind to the promoter.

86
Q

What is the promoter?

A

It is where RNA polymerase binds to this segment to start transcriptions.

87
Q

What are splicesomes?

A

Proteins that cuts out introns.

88
Q

What is a repressor protein?

A

A protein that binds to the operator and prevents making a protein.

89
Q

DNA must be copied and carried by which molecule?

A

mRNA.

90
Q

How did Watson and Crick say DNA look like?

A

a twisted ladder or two strand of DNA twisted around each other

91
Q

Name the three differences between DNA and RNA.

A
  1. DNA is double stranded; RNA is single stranded. 2. DNA sugar is deoxyribose; RNA sugar is ribose. 3. DNA’s four nucleotides are ATGC; RNA’s four nucleotides are AUGC.
92
Q

How many steps is in the process of transcription?

A

Three.

93
Q

In what case would a cell turn off the gene to break down lactose?

A

When no lactose is present. The repressor binds to the operator, blocking the RNA polymerase from transcribing the gene.

94
Q

What is used to make exact copies of DNA when a cell divides?

A

The complimentary structure of DNA.

95
Q

What is the start coden of every protein?

A

AUG.

96
Q

Who proved that DNA carried genetic material?

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)

97
Q

What does the splicing of introns consist of?

A

Introns and exons.

98
Q

What is the end product of transcription?

A

mRNA.

99
Q

Name the nucleotides in the Pyrimidines group.

A

Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil

100
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff notice in 1949?

A

he notice that the amount of adenine always equals the amount of thymine, adenine= uracil, guanine=cytosine

101
Q

What does the lac operon control?

A

it controls the expression of genes that code for enzymes that break down lactose sugar.

102
Q

What is complementary base pairing?

A

In DNA: Adenine & Thymine pair Guanine & Cytosine pair In RNA: Adenine & Uracil pair Guanine & Cytosine pair

103
Q

What did Oswald Avery and his coworkers discover?

A

that it was DNA and not protein that was the transforming factor that Griffith had observed

104
Q

What does a point mutation cause?

A

a frame shift.

105
Q

Name the stop coden.

A

UAG, UAA, or UGA.

106
Q

How many parts does a nucleotide have?

A

three

107
Q

Who discovered that it was DNA and not protein that was the transforming factor that Griffith had observed?

A

Oswald Avery and his coworkers (1994)

108
Q

What is the protein synthesis process called?

A

Gene expression.

109
Q

What does a vaccine do?

A

protect one from future infections

110
Q

Every protein starts with what amino acid?

A

Methionine (met).

111
Q

What is a frame shift?

A

a mutation where a gene’s codens are read incorrectly.

112
Q

Name the two types of mutation.

A

Gene rearrangements and point mutations.

biology final (9 decks)

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