Ch. 9 & 10 DNA & Protein Synthesis Flashcards
1
Q
If DNA is genetic material, it must be able to what?
A
Replicate itself.
2
Q
Where does translation take place?
A
In the cytoplasm.
3
Q
How many parts does the lac operon consists on?
A
Five.
4
Q
What is an intron?
A
DNA and RNA sequences that do nit code for proteins.
5
Q
What enzyme “unzips” the two strands of DNA?
A
Helicase.
6
Q
What does tRNA stand for?
A
Tranfer RNA
7
Q
What is gene expression?
A
It is the protein synthesis process.
8
Q
What is an exon?
A
codes for proteins.
9
Q
How many types of nucleotides are there?
A
four
10
Q
What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase prove in 1952?
A
that DNA carried genetic material
11
Q
What group do Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil belong to?
A
Pyrimidines Group
12
Q
Name the types of nucleotides in RNA.
A
Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, and Cytosine
13
Q
What does DNA polymerase do?
A
It starts to make two new strands of DNA complimentary to the old strands.
14
Q
Name the nucleotides in the Purine group.
A
Adenine & Guanine
15
Q
What do ribosomes temporarily hold as they build proteins?
A
mRNA and tRNA.
16
Q
How many steps does DNA replication happen in?
A
Three.
17
Q
What does tRNA TEMPORARILY carry?
A
It carries one amino acid on one end.
18
Q
What does gene rearrangements include?
A
Transposition and chromosomal rearrangements.
19
Q
How many steps does protein synthesis have?
A
Two.
20
Q
Define genes.
A
Segments of DNA that code for certain proteins.
21
Q
Introns are excised (cut out) by what?
A
Proteins called splicesomes.
22
Q
Name the steps in protein synthesis.
A
- Transcription. 2. Translation.
23
Q
Name the types of nucleotides in DNA.
A
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine
24
Q
What does transcription involve?
A
The transfer of instruction for making protein on DNA to mRNA.
25
Name the two sites that ribosomes have.
P and A.
26
What is the lactose metabolism formula?
lactose breaks down with the help of beta-galactosidase into galactose and glucose.
27
The amino acids sequence of protein are good indicators of what?
Evolutionary relationships.
28
What does the regulator do?
Codes for the repressor protein.
29
In what case would a cell turn on the gene to make enzymes break down lactose?
When lactose is present. Lactose acts as an inducer, removing the repressor so RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and starts transcription.
30
What can prokaryotes and eukaryotes control?
They can control which gene can be expressed and which are not.
31
What are ribosomes made up of?
ribomosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein.
32
What group do Adenine and Guanine belong to?
Purines Group
33
What is transformation?
a change in genotype when cells take up foreign DNA
34
What was Griffith trying to find?
a vaccine for pneumonia
35
What do point mutations consist of?
deletion and insertion.
36
Who determined the structure of DNA in 1953?
James Watson & Francis Crick
37
In translation, how is the mRNA read?
As three nucleotide codes.
38
Name the parts that make up a RNA nucleotide.
Ribose(sugar), one phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base
39
What helped determine the structure of DNA in 1952?
The X-ray photos taken by Maurine Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
40
Name the parts that make up a DNA nucleotide.
Deoxyribose(sugar), one phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing base
41
What did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase work with?
bacteriophages
42
Who discovered transformation?
Frederick Griffith
43
Early studies on gene expression were done in which cells?
prokaryotes.
44
What did Frederick Griffith discover in 1928?
Transformation
45
Name the three ways in which gene expression in eukaryotes is controlled?
splicing of introns, enhancers, transcription factors.
46
Early studies on gene expressions were done studying what?
The lac operon.
47
What is a double helix like?
a winding staircase
48
In how many ways is gene expressions in eukaryotes explained?
three.
49
What is an enhancer?
The segment of DNA that helps transcription factors bind to the promoter.
50
What is the operator?
The bindind site for n inhibitor to block transcription.
51
What enzyme starts to make two new strands of DNA complimentary to the old strands?
DNA polymerase.
52
What is tRNA?
A single stranded RNA molecule.
53
What helps translation make the protein?
tRNA and Ribosomes.
54
Are proteins made directly from DNA?
False.
55
Name the process of DNA replication.
1. The two original DNA strands separate. 2. DNA polymerases adds complimentary nucleotides to each strand. 3. Two DNA molecules form that are identical to the original DNA molecule.
56
What is the structural genes?
Genes that codes for certain proteins/ polypeptides.
57
What does each coden do?
codes for an amino acid.
58
What does the inducer do?
It removes the repressor to allow transcription.
59
What is an anticodon?
A three nucleotide sequence in the tRNA.
60
What are the subunits that make up DNA?
nucleotides
61
What is the promoter?
A region in the gene.
62
What is a coden?
It is every three nucleotides on the mRNA strand.
63
Describe the relationship between anticodon and a codon.
they are complementary to each other
64
What is a vaccine?
substances from killed or weakened disease causing agents
65
What did Griffith find?
He found that harmless bacteria became virulent when mixed with disease causing bacteria
66
What did Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin help determine with x-ray photos?
the structure of DNA
67
How many steps are in translation?
seven.
68
How are traits determined?
By proteins that are encoded for DNA.
69
Name the types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
70
The complimentary structure of DNA is used to make what?
Exact copies of itself when a cell divides.
71
What does translation involve?
It involves two other RNA molecules that read the instructions on the mRNA and put together the amino acids that make up proteins.
72
What are bacteriophages?
Viruses that carry bacteria
73
Define messenger RNA (mRNA).
The molecule that copies and carries DNA's code.
74
Name the process of transcription.
1.RNA, Polymerase, binds to the genes promoter. 2. RNA Polymerase unwinds and unzips the DNA strands. 3. RNA Polymerase adds complimentary RNA nucleotides until it reaches the "terminator" region of a gene.
75
What is every three nucleotides on the mRNA strand called?
A coden.
76
Where does transcription take place?
The nucleus.
77
What did James Watson & Francis Crick determine in 1953?
Using Chargaff's notes and the photograph from Wilkins and Franklin they determined the structure of DNA
78
Name the parts that make up the lac operon.
Structural, genes, promoter, operator, regulator, and reducer.
79
How many type of mutations are there?
two.
80
What is the end product of translation.
Protein.
81
Who discovered that the complementary nucleotides always equal each other?
Erwin Chargaff (1949)
82
What is a mutation?
A change in DNA that can lead to changes in the amino acid sequence and ultimately the protein.
83
What are nucleotides?
The subunits that make up DNA
84
What is the DNA's shape?
double helix
85
What do transcription factors do?
Help RNA polymares bind to the promoter.
86
What is the promoter?
It is where RNA polymerase binds to this segment to start transcriptions.
87
What are splicesomes?
Proteins that cuts out introns.
88
What is a repressor protein?
A protein that binds to the operator and prevents making a protein.
89
DNA must be copied and carried by which molecule?
mRNA.
90
How did Watson and Crick say DNA look like?
a twisted ladder or two strand of DNA twisted around each other
91
Name the three differences between DNA and RNA.
1. DNA is double stranded; RNA is single stranded. 2. DNA sugar is deoxyribose; RNA sugar is ribose. 3. DNA's four nucleotides are ATGC; RNA's four nucleotides are AUGC.
92
How many steps is in the process of transcription?
Three.
93
In what case would a cell turn off the gene to break down lactose?
When no lactose is present. The repressor binds to the operator, blocking the RNA polymerase from transcribing the gene.
94
What is used to make exact copies of DNA when a cell divides?
The complimentary structure of DNA.
95
What is the start coden of every protein?
AUG.
96
Who proved that DNA carried genetic material?
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)
97
What does the splicing of introns consist of?
Introns and exons.
98
What is the end product of transcription?
mRNA.
99
Name the nucleotides in the Pyrimidines group.
Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil
100
What did Erwin Chargaff notice in 1949?
he notice that the amount of adenine always equals the amount of thymine, adenine= uracil, guanine=cytosine
101
What does the lac operon control?
it controls the expression of genes that code for enzymes that break down lactose sugar.
102
What is complementary base pairing?
In DNA: Adenine & Thymine pair Guanine & Cytosine pair In RNA: Adenine & Uracil pair Guanine & Cytosine pair
103
What did Oswald Avery and his coworkers discover?
that it was DNA and not protein that was the transforming factor that Griffith had observed
104
What does a point mutation cause?
a frame shift.
105
Name the stop coden.
UAG, UAA, or UGA.
106
How many parts does a nucleotide have?
three
107
Who discovered that it was DNA and not protein that was the transforming factor that Griffith had observed?
Oswald Avery and his coworkers (1994)
108
What is the protein synthesis process called?
Gene expression.
109
What does a vaccine do?
protect one from future infections
110
Every protein starts with what amino acid?
Methionine (met).
111
What is a frame shift?
a mutation where a gene's codens are read incorrectly.
112
Name the two types of mutation.
Gene rearrangements and point mutations.
