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biology final > Ch 13 &15 Evolution: Evidence and Theory > Flashcards

Ch 13 &15 Evolution: Evidence and Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

When does adaptation take place?

A

It takes place when there is an accumulation of favorable mutations and traits.

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2
Q

According to Lamarck, why did platypus have webbed feet?

A

The platypus had webbed feet because it swam in water and stretched the skin between the toes.

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3
Q

What is prezygotic isolation?

A

prevents mating from taking place

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4
Q

Over long periods of time, what replace the tissue of the organism? What does it leave behind?

A

Hard minerals replace the tissue of the organism, leaving behind rock like structures.

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5
Q

What is the physical differences between male and females called?

A

sexual dimorphism

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6
Q

What is a mold?

A

an imprint in rock in the shape of an organism

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7
Q

How did the finches differ?

A

in the shape of their beak

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8
Q

The finches descended from a common ancestor that came from where?

A

South America

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9
Q

What chooses which individuals will pass on their genes?

A

the environment

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10
Q

What would happen to an organism if it cannot adapt to its ever changing environment?

A

it will go extinct

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11
Q

What is a Hyracotherium?

A

a small dog sized animal

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12
Q

What is a fossil?

A

a trace of a long-dead organism

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13
Q

What is nonrandom mating?

A

mating with others that live nearby or are of their own phenotype

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14
Q

Give an example of the bottleneck effect.

A

the elephant seal

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15
Q

What are vestigial structure?

A

useless limbs

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16
Q

What are populations important to the study of evolution?

A

a population is the smallest unit in which a evolution occurs

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17
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

When individuals with the average form are favored by the environment (have the highest fitness)

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18
Q

What was Lamarck’s proposed mechanism for evolution?

A

“Use or disuse” which meant use it or lose it

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19
Q

Homologous structures many be an indicator of what?

A

a common ancestor.

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20
Q

What is Emigration?

A

movement out of a location

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21
Q

Give an example of vestigial structures.

A

appendix in humans and pelvic bones in whales

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22
Q

What is postzygotic isolation?

A

prevents a viable, fertile offspring from forming after mating has taken place between two different species

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23
Q

Who came up with the biological species concept?

A

Ernst Mayr

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24
Q

How did Ernst Mayr define a species?

A

as a population of organisms that can successfully interbreed but cannot breed with other groups

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25
Q

What did Ernst Mayr come up with?

A

the biological species concept

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26
Q

What did Nicolas Sterno (1638-1686) propose?

A

the Law of Superposition

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27
Q

What is natural selection?

A

the process by which organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than others.

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28
Q

Who proposed punctuated equilibrium?

A

Scientists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould

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29
Q

What is the Fossil Record?

A

fossil evidence that shows a long history of life on Earth

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30
Q

How similar is human DNA to chimpanzees?

A

97%

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31
Q

How many different types of finches did Darwin collect?

A

13

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32
Q

Why is variation very important in a population?

A

Variation allows for the genetically strong to survive in a population of organisms

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33
Q

What is immigration?

A

movement into a location

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34
Q

What causes variation in a population?

A

mutation, genetic recombination (crossing over), and random fusion of gametes (sperm and egg)

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35
Q

When was the modern Homo Sapiens around?

A

100,000 years ago

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36
Q

How do sedimentary fossils develop?

A

They develop from hard body parts of an organism.

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37
Q

What does speciation begin with?

A

isolation

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38
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Features that are similar in appearance. (Look same different function)

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39
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

change in the gene pool due to the drastic reduction in number’s of individuals

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40
Q

Who was the first to see similarities in embryos of different species?

A

Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919)

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41
Q

What is the Law of Superposition?

A

It states that layers of soil are deposited on top of one another by wind or water

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42
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in an organisms DNA

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43
Q

How old is Earth?

A

4.5 Billion Years

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44
Q

What is Relative Age?

A

The estimation of age based on what layer of sediment they are found in

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45
Q

Which law states that layers of soil are deposited on top of one another by wind or water?

A

Law of Superposition

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46
Q

Who was the first to propose an evolutionary idea?

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)

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47
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

the physical differences between male and females

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48
Q

The book Origin of Species was inspired by what?

A

Darwin expedition around the world

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49
Q

According to Lamarck, why did giraffes have long necks?

A

Giraffes grew long necks because they stretched their necks to reach leaves on tall trees.

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50
Q

Migration causes what?

A

gene flow

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51
Q

Lamarck said that species change as a result of…?

A

their environment

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52
Q

Over generations, the proportion of organisms with favorable traits ___ in a population.

A

increase

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53
Q

Name the four evidences of evolution.

A

homologous and analogous structures, vestigial structures, similarities in embryology, ans similarities in macromolecules

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54
Q

Within a population individuals can what?

A

vary. *Same species of fish can vary in appearance*

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55
Q

An individual with high fitness would do what?

A

pass on its genes to the next generation

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56
Q

How did the finches become different species?

A

reproductive isolation

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57
Q

What is population genetics?

A

the study of evolution from a genetic point of view

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58
Q

What is coevolution?

A

the change of two or more species in close association with each other

59
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Speciation that happens abruptly and quickly with long periods of stability.

60
Q

Give an example of postzygotic isolation.

A

sperm and egg do not fuse, if fusion happens the zygote the will not survive, if zygote does survive the offspring will be weak or sterile

61
Q

The top layers of soil are the ___.

A

youngest

62
Q

Why would an organism go extinct?

A

if the organism cannot adapt to its ever changing environment it will die off

63
Q

What was the name of the ship Darwin used?

A

The Beagle

64
Q

The study of the geographical distributions of fossils and of living organisms is called, what?

A

biogeography

65
Q

For many years scientist used what as a criteria for classifying species?

A

morphology

66
Q

Who proposed the Law of Superposition?

A

Nicholas Steno (1638-1686)

67
Q

Name the two types of divergent evolution.

A

Adaptive radiation and artificial selection

68
Q

What did Charles Lyell write about in The Principles of Geology?

A

That the surface of the Earth changed slowly over a long period of time.

69
Q

What did Lamarck call the changes that can be passed down from parent to offspring?

A

acquired traits

70
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Structures that seen to serve no purpose in an organism.*were once functional in an ancestor*

71
Q

What are the two types of reproductive isolation?

A

prezygotic isolation and postzygotic isolation

72
Q

What are the two ways of dating fossils?

A

Relative Age and Absolute Age

73
Q

What is descent with modification?

A

species evolve from a common ancestor

74
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

barriers successfully breed between population groups in the same area

75
Q

The Glyptodont is know what?

A

an armadillo

76
Q

Give an example of analogous structure.

A

bird wings and insect wings

77
Q

How many types of species did Darwin collect?

A

more than a thousand

78
Q

What is fitness?

A

an organisms contribution to the next generation

79
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

when two or more related species become more and more dissimilar

80
Q

In nature, many traits in many organisms show variation that follow what?

A

a bell curve

81
Q

How can speciation take place?

A

if a population is isolated for a long period of time and differences accumulate it can take place

82
Q

What are the two types of isolation that can cause speciation?

A

Geographic isolation and reproductive isolation

83
Q

What is Absolute Age?

A

It is the age in years. It can be estimated from radioactive dating. (Carbon-14 dating)

84
Q

The hyracotherium evolved into what?

A

horse

85
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

When individuals with either extreme variation of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with the average form of the trait

86
Q

Name the different way that can disrupt genetic equilibrium or can change the allele frequency in a population?

A

Mutation, Migration, Genetic Drift, Nonrandom Mating, and Natural Selection

87
Q

Reproductive success refers to what?

A

to how many offspring an individual has

88
Q

Species over time is said to ___ to the environment.

A

adapt

89
Q

What is adaptation?

A

the genetic makeup of a population will change over time

90
Q

What are the two types of genetic drift?

A

The Bottleneck Effect and The Founder Effect

91
Q

What are the two types of migration?

A

Immigration and Emmigration

92
Q

What did Darwin work as on his voyage on the Beagle?

A

a naturalist

93
Q

What book did Darwin read on the Beagle?

A

The Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell

94
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

when 2 species look similar not because they evolved from the same ancestor but because they live in similar environments.

95
Q

What is genetic equilibrium?

A

how genes are maintained in a population

96
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

the total genetic information in a population

97
Q

Some mutations are ___. Some are ___ and are a vital part of ___.

A

harmful. helpful; evolution

98
Q

What was Darwin’’s two theories?

A

Descent w/ Modification and Modification by Natural Selection

99
Q

If two groups of the same species are separated for millions of years, they may become separate species. If they meet up again and attempt to mate and do not produce viable offspring this is proof of what?

A

that speciation has ocurred

100
Q

What are the four types of natural selection?

A

stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection, and sexual selection

101
Q

Give an example of artificial selection.

A

breeding dogs

102
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Individuals better suited to the environment survive and produce more offspring than individuals less suited for the environment

103
Q

Give examples of prezygotic isolation.

A

Temporal (different mating seasons), Behavior (Bird song, dance), Mechanical/Anatomical incompatibility

104
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

the process of divergent evolution that can be sped up artificially when humans breed animals and plants

105
Q

What do fossil within a single stratum have in common?

A

they are the same age

106
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

allele frequency change in a small population due to random events or chance

107
Q

What are pharyngeal pouches?

A

they form the nose, palate, throat, and mouth

108
Q

What does morph mean?

A

shape

109
Q

Human DNA is similar 97% to what species?

A

chimpanzees

110
Q

What is directional selection?

A

When individuals with a more extreme form of a trait are favored by the environment (have the highest fitness)

111
Q

Who wrote the Origin of Species in 1859?

A

Darwin

112
Q

What does a bell curve show?

A

It shows that while a few fish in a population are extremely short and extremely long most are of average length

113
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

a type of natural selection where usually a male must compete with other males to mate with females

114
Q

What is a cast?

A

A cast is when hard minerals fill a mold to make a rock like model of the organism

115
Q

What is a population?

A

an interbreeding single-species group

116
Q

What were the similarities Ernst Haeckel saw in embryos of different species?

A

the tail and pharyngeal pouches

117
Q

When were dinosaurs alive?

A

300 million years ago

118
Q

What was the title of the book Darwin wrote?

A

Origin of Species (1859)

119
Q

Who independently proposed the hypothesis of natural selection, in the mid 1800’s?

A

Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace

120
Q

An interbreeding single-species group is what?

A

a population

121
Q

What is gene flow?

A

the process of genes moving from one population to another

122
Q

What is a dodo? Why did it go extinct?

A

A dodo is a extinct flightless bird. Explorer ships brought over rats to the island and the rats ate the dodo bird eggs causing extinction.

123
Q

Name the different ways species can adapt to habitats.

A

Coevolution, Divergent Evolution, and Convergent Evolution

124
Q

If two groups of the same species are separated for millions of years, they may become separate species. If they meet up again and attempt to mate and produce viable offspring this is proof of what?

A

that speciation has NOT occured

125
Q

What is geographic isolation?

A

the physical separation of members of a population

126
Q

Why are there limitations to classifying species based on appearance?

A

some species have multiple variations

127
Q

What is morphology?

A

the appearance of an organism

128
Q

What did Lamarck propose?

A

that all living things come from a common ancestor

129
Q

What is another name for natural selection?

A

survival of the fittest

130
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

features from separate origin but share similar function due to living in similar environments…do not share the same ancestor… (look the same and similar function)

131
Q

Mutation is the FIRST & ONLY way of what?

A

its the FIRST AND ONLY way new alleles can be introduced in a population

132
Q

What is isolating mechanisms?

A

the process of stopping reproduction between member of a population

133
Q

Give an example of adaptive radiation.

A

Galapagos finches and polar & brown bears

134
Q

Give an example of a homologous structure.

A

Human arm, dolphin flipper, and bat wing

135
Q

Give an example of convergent evolution.

A

The sugar glider from Australia and the Flying Squirrel from North America

136
Q

Who proposed that living things come from a common ancestor?

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)

137
Q

What is sexual selection also known as?

A

assortative mating

138
Q

Where are fossils found?

A

in layers of sedimentary rock

139
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

members of a species are morphologically similar and can interbreed

140
Q

What is biogeography?

A

the study of geographical distribution of fossils and of living organisms

141
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

This is when a small group of organisms splinter off from the parent group and remain geographically isolated

142
Q

What is speciation?

A

The process of species formation

143
Q

Give an example of geographic isolation.

A

Harris’s and white-tailed antelope squirrels by the Grand Canyon

144
Q

The process by which organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than others is what?

A

natural selection

biology final (9 decks)

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