Ch 13 &15 Evolution: Evidence and Theory Flashcards
1
Q
When does adaptation take place?
A
It takes place when there is an accumulation of favorable mutations and traits.
2
Q
According to Lamarck, why did platypus have webbed feet?
A
The platypus had webbed feet because it swam in water and stretched the skin between the toes.
3
Q
What is prezygotic isolation?
A
prevents mating from taking place
4
Q
Over long periods of time, what replace the tissue of the organism? What does it leave behind?
A
Hard minerals replace the tissue of the organism, leaving behind rock like structures.
5
Q
What is the physical differences between male and females called?
A
sexual dimorphism
6
Q
What is a mold?
A
an imprint in rock in the shape of an organism
7
Q
How did the finches differ?
A
in the shape of their beak
8
Q
The finches descended from a common ancestor that came from where?
A
South America
9
Q
What chooses which individuals will pass on their genes?
A
the environment
10
Q
What would happen to an organism if it cannot adapt to its ever changing environment?
A
it will go extinct
11
Q
What is a Hyracotherium?
A
a small dog sized animal
12
Q
What is a fossil?
A
a trace of a long-dead organism
13
Q
What is nonrandom mating?
A
mating with others that live nearby or are of their own phenotype
14
Q
Give an example of the bottleneck effect.
A
the elephant seal
15
Q
What are vestigial structure?
A
useless limbs
16
Q
What are populations important to the study of evolution?
A
a population is the smallest unit in which a evolution occurs
17
Q
What is stabilizing selection?
A
When individuals with the average form are favored by the environment (have the highest fitness)
18
Q
What was Lamarck’s proposed mechanism for evolution?
A
“Use or disuse” which meant use it or lose it
19
Q
Homologous structures many be an indicator of what?
A
a common ancestor.
20
Q
What is Emigration?
A
movement out of a location
21
Q
Give an example of vestigial structures.
A
appendix in humans and pelvic bones in whales
22
Q
What is postzygotic isolation?
A
prevents a viable, fertile offspring from forming after mating has taken place between two different species
23
Q
Who came up with the biological species concept?
A
Ernst Mayr
24
Q
How did Ernst Mayr define a species?
A
as a population of organisms that can successfully interbreed but cannot breed with other groups
25
What did Ernst Mayr come up with?
the biological species concept
26
What did Nicolas Sterno (1638-1686) propose?
the Law of Superposition
27
What is natural selection?
the process by which organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than others.
28
Who proposed punctuated equilibrium?
Scientists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould
29
What is the Fossil Record?
fossil evidence that shows a long history of life on Earth
30
How similar is human DNA to chimpanzees?
97%
31
How many different types of finches did Darwin collect?
13
32
Why is variation very important in a population?
Variation allows for the genetically strong to survive in a population of organisms
33
What is immigration?
movement into a location
34
What causes variation in a population?
mutation, genetic recombination (crossing over), and random fusion of gametes (sperm and egg)
35
When was the modern Homo Sapiens around?
100,000 years ago
36
How do sedimentary fossils develop?
They develop from hard body parts of an organism.
37
What does speciation begin with?
isolation
38
What are homologous structures?
Features that are similar in appearance. (Look same different function)
39
What is the bottleneck effect?
change in the gene pool due to the drastic reduction in number's of individuals
40
Who was the first to see similarities in embryos of different species?
Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919)
41
What is the Law of Superposition?
It states that layers of soil are deposited on top of one another by wind or water
42
What is a mutation?
a change in an organisms DNA
43
How old is Earth?
4.5 Billion Years
44
What is Relative Age?
The estimation of age based on what layer of sediment they are found in
45
Which law states that layers of soil are deposited on top of one another by wind or water?
Law of Superposition
46
Who was the first to propose an evolutionary idea?
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)
47
What is sexual dimorphism?
the physical differences between male and females
48
The book Origin of Species was inspired by what?
Darwin expedition around the world
49
According to Lamarck, why did giraffes have long necks?
Giraffes grew long necks because they stretched their necks to reach leaves on tall trees.
50
Migration causes what?
gene flow
51
Lamarck said that species change as a result of...?
their environment
52
Over generations, the proportion of organisms with favorable traits ___ in a population.
increase
53
Name the four evidences of evolution.
homologous and analogous structures, vestigial structures, similarities in embryology, ans similarities in macromolecules
54
Within a population individuals can what?
vary. \*Same species of fish can vary in appearance\*
55
An individual with high fitness would do what?
pass on its genes to the next generation
56
How did the finches become different species?
reproductive isolation
57
What is population genetics?
the study of evolution from a genetic point of view
58
What is coevolution?
the change of two or more species in close association with each other
59
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Speciation that happens abruptly and quickly with long periods of stability.
60
Give an example of postzygotic isolation.
sperm and egg do not fuse, if fusion happens the zygote the will not survive, if zygote does survive the offspring will be weak or sterile
61
The top layers of soil are the \_\_\_.
youngest
62
Why would an organism go extinct?
if the organism cannot adapt to its ever changing environment it will die off
63
What was the name of the ship Darwin used?
The Beagle
64
The study of the geographical distributions of fossils and of living organisms is called, what?
biogeography
65
For many years scientist used what as a criteria for classifying species?
morphology
66
Who proposed the Law of Superposition?
Nicholas Steno (1638-1686)
67
Name the two types of divergent evolution.
Adaptive radiation and artificial selection
68
What did Charles Lyell write about in The Principles of Geology?
That the surface of the Earth changed slowly over a long period of time.
69
What did Lamarck call the changes that can be passed down from parent to offspring?
acquired traits
70
What are vestigial structures?
Structures that seen to serve no purpose in an organism.\*were once functional in an ancestor\*
71
What are the two types of reproductive isolation?
prezygotic isolation and postzygotic isolation
72
What are the two ways of dating fossils?
Relative Age and Absolute Age
73
What is descent with modification?
species evolve from a common ancestor
74
What is reproductive isolation?
barriers successfully breed between population groups in the same area
75
The Glyptodont is know what?
an armadillo
76
Give an example of analogous structure.
bird wings and insect wings
77
How many types of species did Darwin collect?
more than a thousand
78
What is fitness?
an organisms contribution to the next generation
79
What is divergent evolution?
when two or more related species become more and more dissimilar
80
In nature, many traits in many organisms show variation that follow what?
a bell curve
81
How can speciation take place?
if a population is isolated for a long period of time and differences accumulate it can take place
82
What are the two types of isolation that can cause speciation?
Geographic isolation and reproductive isolation
83
What is Absolute Age?
It is the age in years. It can be estimated from radioactive dating. (Carbon-14 dating)
84
The hyracotherium evolved into what?
horse
85
What is disruptive selection?
When individuals with either extreme variation of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with the average form of the trait
86
Name the different way that can disrupt genetic equilibrium or can change the allele frequency in a population?
Mutation, Migration, Genetic Drift, Nonrandom Mating, and Natural Selection
87
Reproductive success refers to what?
to how many offspring an individual has
88
Species over time is said to ___ to the environment.
adapt
89
What is adaptation?
the genetic makeup of a population will change over time
90
What are the two types of genetic drift?
The Bottleneck Effect and The Founder Effect
91
What are the two types of migration?
Immigration and Emmigration
92
What did Darwin work as on his voyage on the Beagle?
a naturalist
93
What book did Darwin read on the Beagle?
The Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell
94
What is convergent evolution?
when 2 species look similar not because they evolved from the same ancestor but because they live in similar environments.
95
What is genetic equilibrium?
how genes are maintained in a population
96
What is a gene pool?
the total genetic information in a population
97
Some mutations are \_\_\_. Some are ___ and are a vital part of \_\_\_.
harmful. helpful; evolution
98
What was Darwin''s two theories?
Descent w/ Modification and Modification by Natural Selection
99
If two groups of the same species are separated for millions of years, they may become separate species. If they meet up again and attempt to mate and do not produce viable offspring this is proof of what?
that speciation has ocurred
100
What are the four types of natural selection?
stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection, and sexual selection
101
Give an example of artificial selection.
breeding dogs
102
What is natural selection?
Individuals better suited to the environment survive and produce more offspring than individuals less suited for the environment
103
Give examples of prezygotic isolation.
Temporal (different mating seasons), Behavior (Bird song, dance), Mechanical/Anatomical incompatibility
104
What is artificial selection?
the process of divergent evolution that can be sped up artificially when humans breed animals and plants
105
What do fossil within a single stratum have in common?
they are the same age
106
What is genetic drift?
allele frequency change in a small population due to random events or chance
107
What are pharyngeal pouches?
they form the nose, palate, throat, and mouth
108
What does morph mean?
shape
109
Human DNA is similar 97% to what species?
chimpanzees
110
What is directional selection?
When individuals with a more extreme form of a trait are favored by the environment (have the highest fitness)
111
Who wrote the Origin of Species in 1859?
Darwin
112
What does a bell curve show?
It shows that while a few fish in a population are extremely short and extremely long most are of average length
113
What is sexual selection?
a type of natural selection where usually a male must compete with other males to mate with females
114
What is a cast?
A cast is when hard minerals fill a mold to make a rock like model of the organism
115
What is a population?
an interbreeding single-species group
116
What were the similarities Ernst Haeckel saw in embryos of different species?
the tail and pharyngeal pouches
117
When were dinosaurs alive?
300 million years ago
118
What was the title of the book Darwin wrote?
Origin of Species (1859)
119
Who independently proposed the hypothesis of natural selection, in the mid 1800's?
Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace
120
An interbreeding single-species group is what?
a population
121
What is gene flow?
the process of genes moving from one population to another
122
What is a dodo? Why did it go extinct?
A dodo is a extinct flightless bird. Explorer ships brought over rats to the island and the rats ate the dodo bird eggs causing extinction.
123
Name the different ways species can adapt to habitats.
Coevolution, Divergent Evolution, and Convergent Evolution
124
If two groups of the same species are separated for millions of years, they may become separate species. If they meet up again and attempt to mate and produce viable offspring this is proof of what?
that speciation has NOT occured
125
What is geographic isolation?
the physical separation of members of a population
126
Why are there limitations to classifying species based on appearance?
some species have multiple variations
127
What is morphology?
the appearance of an organism
128
What did Lamarck propose?
that all living things come from a common ancestor
129
What is another name for natural selection?
survival of the fittest
130
What are analogous structures?
features from separate origin but share similar function due to living in similar environments...do not share the same ancestor... (look the same and similar function)
131
Mutation is the FIRST & ONLY way of what?
its the FIRST AND ONLY way new alleles can be introduced in a population
132
What is isolating mechanisms?
the process of stopping reproduction between member of a population
133
Give an example of adaptive radiation.
Galapagos finches and polar & brown bears
134
Give an example of a homologous structure.
Human arm, dolphin flipper, and bat wing
135
Give an example of convergent evolution.
The sugar glider from Australia and the Flying Squirrel from North America
136
Who proposed that living things come from a common ancestor?
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)
137
What is sexual selection also known as?
assortative mating
138
Where are fossils found?
in layers of sedimentary rock
139
What is the biological species concept?
members of a species are morphologically similar and can interbreed
140
What is biogeography?
the study of geographical distribution of fossils and of living organisms
141
What is the founder effect?
This is when a small group of organisms splinter off from the parent group and remain geographically isolated
142
What is speciation?
The process of species formation
143
Give an example of geographic isolation.
Harris's and white-tailed antelope squirrels by the Grand Canyon
144
The process by which organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than others is what?
natural selection
