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biology final > Ch. 8 Genetics > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

heredity

A

the passing of traits from parent to offspring

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2
Q

Why were pea plants easy to study?

A
  1. Many traits in two forms
  2. Easy subject to control mating.
  3. Grow fast & produce many offspring.
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3
Q

What are monohybrid crosses?

A

punnett squares that involve only one pair of contrasting traits

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4
Q

What is the first step in mendels experiment?

A

Mendel allowed each variety of pea plants to self-pollinate for several generations to ensure that each variety was true-breeding for a particular trait

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5
Q

what are the true breeding plants called?

A

parental generation, P generation

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6
Q

What is the second step in mendels experiment?

A

mendel then crossed-pollinated two parental plants

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7
Q

What is the name of the offspring of the P generation?

A

f1 generation, f1= first filial

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8
Q

What is the third step in mendels experiment?

A

mendel then allowed for the F1 generation to self-pollinate

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9
Q

what is the name of the F1 generation offspring?

A

F2 generation

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10
Q

What are the different versions of a gene called?

A

allele

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11
Q

Dominant allele

A

is when the allele is expressed

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12
Q

Recessive allele

A

the allele that is hidden

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13
Q

what is an allele?

A

a different version of a gene

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14
Q

How are dominant allele shown?

A

writing the first letter of the trait as a capital letter

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15
Q

How are recessive alleles indicated?

A

by writing the first letter of the dominant as a capital

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16
Q

if two alleles of a particular gene are the same it is

A

Homozygous

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17
Q

if two alleles of a particular gene are different it is

A

heterozygous

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18
Q

define genotype

A

the set of alleles that an individual has

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19
Q

define phenotype

A

the physical appearance of a trait

20
Q

what are the two laws that mendel created?

A

The law of segregation and the law of independent assortment

21
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

a pair of genes separate during gamete formation

22
Q

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

A

genes for different characteristics if found on different chromosomes are distributed to gametes independently

23
Q

what is probability?

A

the likelihood that a specific event will occur

24
Q

what is the diagram called

A

a punnett square.

25
Q

when is a test cross done

A

it is done to find out the genotype of any individual whose phenotype is dominant

26
Q

what is a sex-linked trait

A

a trait whose allele is located on a sex chromosome

27
Q

what is hemophilia

A

blood that cannot clot. A mutated allele produces defective blood clotting proteins

28
Q

is hemophilia recessive or dominant

A

recessive

29
Q

sex-linked equals

A

x-linked

30
Q

color blindness is a recessive or dominant disorder

A

recessive x^n

31
Q

what is polygenic inheritance?

A

when several genes influence a question

32
Q

is genes with 2 alleles considered as a multiple allele?

A

no it has to be 3 or more

33
Q

what is codominace?

A

when both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring

34
Q

what is incomplete dominance?

A

when the F1 offspring has a phenotype in between that of the offspring. Note: think of it like mixing colors

35
Q

what is a dihybrid cross?

A

a large punnett square crossing two different traits at once

36
Q

what is the magic ratio for the dihybrid cross when they are all heterozygous?

A

9:3:3:1

37
Q

what is a pedigree?

A

a family history that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations

38
Q

what is a genetic disorder?

A

mutations in genetic material that are passed on

39
Q

what is sickle cell anemia?

A

a recessive genetic disorder caused by a mutated allele that produces a defective hemoglobin protein

40
Q

In sickle cell anemia red blood cells are

A

deformed

41
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A

mutated allele produces defective chloride ion channel. The thick mucus blocks airways and organ ducts

42
Q

is Huntington’s disease recessive or dominant

A

dominant

43
Q

when do the symptoms appear for Huntington?

A

30’s or 40’s

44
Q

What are the Huntington’s symptoms?

A

the brain degenerates and causes loss of muscle control, uncontrollable muscle spasms, severe mental illness, and eventually death

45
Q

Gene Therapy may be used for what

A

correct certain recessive genetic disorders by replacing defective genes with copies of healthy genes

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