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biology final > Ch. 40 the body's defenses > Flashcards

Ch. 40 the body's defenses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a disease causing agent

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2
Q

What does nonspecific mean?

A

it does not target specific pathogens

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3
Q

What is a mucous membrane?

A

a layer of epithelial tissue that produces a sticky, viscous fluid called mucus

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4
Q

what is the first if your immune’s systems nonspecific defense against pathogens?

A

the skin

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5
Q

What is an inflammatory response?

A

a series of events that suppress infection and speeds recovery

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6
Q

Name the four parts to the defense systems.

A

the inflammatory response, temperature response, proteins, and white blood cells

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7
Q

What does histamine do?

A

dilates blood vessels to increase blood flow; can cause swelling, redness, runny nose etc. when releases in allergy causing antigen

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8
Q

What do white blood cells attack?

A

pathogens

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9
Q

Increased blood flow brings what to the infection site?

A

white blood cells

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10
Q

Why is a fever helpful?

A

many disease causing bacteria do not grow well at high temperatures

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11
Q

If the body increases above 37C (98.6F) what is happening?

A

a fever

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12
Q

A high fever can cause what?

A

damage to cellular proteins

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13
Q

What do complement proteins do?

A

they circulate in the blood and become active when they encounter certain pathogens

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14
Q

The complement system consists of how many proteins?

A

20

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15
Q

What is an interferon?

A

a protein releases by cells infected with viruses

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16
Q

Interferon causes nearby cells to do what?

A

produce an enzyme that prevents viruses from making proteins and RNA

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17
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

a white blood cell that engulf and destroys pathogens

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18
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

a white blood cell that ingests and kills pathogens it encounters

19
Q

What is a natural killer cell?

A

a large white blood cell that attacks cells infected with pathogens

20
Q

What is the third line of specific defenses?

A

the immune response

21
Q

Name the cells involved in the immune response.

A

Cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and helper T cells

22
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

attack and kill infected cells

23
Q

What do B cells do?

A

label invaders for later destruction by macrophages

24
Q

What does the helper T cell do?

A

activates both B cells and cytotoxic T cells

25
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a substance that triggers an immune response

26
Q

Where are antigens present?

A

on the surface of the infected body cell

27
Q

White blood cells of the immune system are covered with what?

A

receptor proteins that respond to infection by binding to specific antigens on the surfaces of the infecting microbes.

28
Q

What are the two parts of the immune response?

A

B cell and T cell response

29
Q

What is the B cell response?

A

a defense that aids the removal of extracellular pathogens from the body

30
Q

What is the T cell response?

A

a defense that involves the destruction of intracellular pathogens by cytotoxic T cells.

31
Q

Name the basic steps of the immune response?

A
  1. A virus infects body cells, which display the viral antigen. 2. Macrophages engulf the virus and display the viral antigens. 3. Virus-containing macrophages activate helper T cells. 4. Helper T cells activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells. 5. B cells form plasma cells. 6. Plasma cells release antibodies which bind to the viral antigen. 7. The binding of antibodies causes viruses to stick together, thus they are marked for destruction. 8. Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells.
32
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

cells that release Y-shaped antibodies into the blood

33
Q

What is an antibody?

A

a defensive protein produced upon exposure to a specific antigen, which can bind to that antigen

34
Q

Name the 5 different ways you can get infectious diseases.

A

person to person contact, air, food, water, and animal bites

35
Q

Diseases transferred from person to person are considered what?

A

contagious or communicable

36
Q

B cells and T cells become what after an immune response?

A

memory cells

37
Q

If a pathogen ever appears again memory cells can do what?

A

activate antibodies against that pathogen

38
Q

What is immunity?

A

resistance to a particular disease

39
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

is a solution that contains a dead or modified pathogen that can no longer cause disease

40
Q

What is antigen shifting?

A

a process in whicj the virus produces new antigens that your immune systems does not recognize

41
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

a disease in which the body launches an immune response against its own cells, attacking body cells as if they were pathogens.

42
Q

What is an allergy?

A

the body’s inappropriate response to a normally harmless antigen.

43
Q

What enzyme does sweat contain?

A

lysozyme which digests bacterial cell walls

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