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biology final > Ch 39 Digestive and Excretory Systems > Flashcards

Ch 39 Digestive and Excretory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

organic substances that occur in foods in small amounts

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2
Q

What are minerals?

A

naturally occurring inorganic substances that are used to make certain body structures and substances

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3
Q

How much of the body’s weight is water/

A

two-thirds

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4
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process of breaking down food into molecules the body can use

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5
Q

Food travels more than ___ through the human digestive tract.

A

8m or 26 ft

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6
Q

During digestion what happens in the mouth?

A

saliva moistens and lubricates the foos as it is chewed

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7
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

amylases

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8
Q

What is amylase?

A

an enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars

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9
Q

After chewing where does the food enter?

A

the esophagus

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10
Q

Does digestion occur in the esophagus?

A

no

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11
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

a long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

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12
Q

How does the esophagus move the food to the stomach?

A

by the waves of smooth muscle contraction that move the food towars the stomach

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13
Q

The cells that line the inside of the stomach release what?

A

gastric juice

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14
Q

What is gastric juice?

A

a combination of hydrochloric acid and pepsin

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15
Q

What is pepsin?

A

a digestive enzyme produced by the stomach that breaks down proteins

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16
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

The stomach mechanically breaks down food and chemically unravels and breaks down proteins

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17
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

the back of the throat

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18
Q

Food passes the __ where it is swallowed and enters the esophagus

A

pharynx

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19
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

waves of smooth muscle contractions that keep the food moving from the esophagus to the stomach

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20
Q

The food exits the esophagus and enters the stomach through what?

A

a sphincter

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21
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

a muscular valve through which the food enters the stomach and keeps the acidic contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus

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22
Q

a coating of what protects the stomach lining from digesting itself

A

mucus

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23
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

the first part of the small intestine

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24
Q

Food passes another sphincter to enter what?

A

the duodenum

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25
Q

The small intestine functions mainly in what?

A

the digestion and absorption of nutrients

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26
Q

What is lipases?

A

an enzyme that breaks down fat molecules into fatty acids and glycerol

27
Q

Which pancreatic enzyme is released into the duodenum to digest fats?

A

lipases

28
Q

What is villi?

A

the lining of the small intestine which is covered with fingerlike projection

29
Q

What does the villi increase?

A

the surface area available for the absorption of nutrients

30
Q

Does digestion take place in the colon?

A

no

31
Q

Where does all unabsorbed food and waste move to?

A

the large intestine or colon

32
Q

What is the colon?

A

a part of the large intestine

33
Q

What does the liver secrete?

A

bile

34
Q

Bile aids in the breakdown of what?

A

fats

35
Q

What does bile promote?

A

the absorption of fatty acids and the fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E, and K

36
Q

Where are digested food molecules in the bloodstream transported to?

A

the liver

37
Q

How does the liver stabilizes blood sugar?

A

by converting extra sugar to glycogen for storage

38
Q

What is the scarring of the liver called?

A

cirrhosis

39
Q

What is excretion?

A

the proccess that rids the body of toxic chemicals, excess water, salts, and carbon dioxide while maintaining osmotic and pH balance

40
Q

The lungs, kidneys, and skin all function as what?

A

excretory organs

41
Q

What is urea?

A

a nitrogen waste

42
Q

In the liver what is converted to urea?

A

ammonia

43
Q

Where is the urea transported to?

A

the kidneys it is then removed from the blood

44
Q

What are kidneys?

A

a pair of bean-shaped reddish brown organs located in the lower back

45
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

they regulate the amount of water and salts contained in blood plasma. They also play a vital role in maintaing homeostasis

46
Q

What is a nephron?

A

tiny tubes in the kidney that filter blood

47
Q

Each kidney is composed of blood-filtering units called what?

A

nephrons

48
Q

The kidneys filter out what from the blood?

A

toxins, urea, water, and mineral salts

49
Q

What is urine?

A

the remaining water. urea, and salts that are left after reabsorption

50
Q

What are ureters?

A

tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

51
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

a hollow muscular sac that stores urine

52
Q

The ureters direct the urine into where?

A

the urinary bladder

53
Q

What is urination?

A

the elimination of urine from the body through the urethra

54
Q

Urine leaves the bladder and exits the body through what?

A

the urethra

55
Q

What is the urethra?

A

the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

56
Q

if both kidneys were to fail what would be the treatment options?

A

kidney dialysis or a kidney transplant

57
Q

What is another name for kidney dialysis?

A

hemodialysis

58
Q

What is kidney dialysis?

A

a procedure for filtering the blood by using a dialysis machine

59
Q

Why are women more likely to get UTIs than men?

A

women have a shorter urethra therefore a shorter distance for bacteria to travel to get inside the urinary tract

60
Q

Where does filtration begin?

A

At the beginning of the nephron in Bowman’s capsule.

61
Q

Within Bowman’s capsule there is what?

A

a network of capillaries where filtration actually takes place

62
Q

What are the network of capillaries in the Bowman’s capsule called?

A

glomerulus

63
Q

The blood pressure within the glomerulus pushes what into where?

A

it pushes fluid (filtrate) made of water, salts, sugar, and wastes into the hollow tubes of Bowman’s capsule

64
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

when water and useful molecules are reabsorbed into the blood stream as the filtrate passes through the renal tubules

biology final (9 decks)

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