Ch 8: Thinking, Reasoning, and Language Flashcards
thinking
mental activity or processing information
heuristics
- mental “shortcuts”
- rules of thumb
- tools for making estimates
cognitive biases
default ways of thinking that make us systematically wrong
stereotyping
overgeneralizing our experiences with particular group members
availability heuristic
estimate likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind
decision making
the process of choosing between alternatives
- higher order cognition
cognitive economy
unimportant decisions made implicitly/unconsciously
- more time and effort to make important decisions
framing
question phrasing affects decisions
problem solving
generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal
- often use algorithms
mental sets
after finding one solutions, it’s harder to set alternatives
- thinking becomes “boxed in”
functional fixedness
once we learn an object’s purpose, it is harder for us to use it in other ways
language
a combination of arbitrary symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning
phonemes
sounds we can vocally produce
- perceptually distinct
morphemes
smallest units with meaning in a language
- often words
- can be modifiers (“ish”, “ly”)
syntax
rules for constructing sentences
- word order
- sentence structure
- morphological markers