Ch 8: Thinking, Reasoning, and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

thinking

A

mental activity or processing information

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2
Q

heuristics

A
  • mental “shortcuts”
  • rules of thumb
  • tools for making estimates
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3
Q

cognitive biases

A

default ways of thinking that make us systematically wrong

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4
Q

stereotyping

A

overgeneralizing our experiences with particular group members

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5
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimate likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind

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6
Q

decision making

A

the process of choosing between alternatives
- higher order cognition

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7
Q

cognitive economy

A

unimportant decisions made implicitly/unconsciously
- more time and effort to make important decisions

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8
Q

framing

A

question phrasing affects decisions

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9
Q

problem solving

A

generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal
- often use algorithms

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10
Q

mental sets

A

after finding one solutions, it’s harder to set alternatives
- thinking becomes “boxed in”

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11
Q

functional fixedness

A

once we learn an object’s purpose, it is harder for us to use it in other ways

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12
Q

language

A

a combination of arbitrary symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning

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13
Q

phonemes

A

sounds we can vocally produce
- perceptually distinct

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14
Q

morphemes

A

smallest units with meaning in a language
- often words
- can be modifiers (“ish”, “ly”)

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15
Q

syntax

A

rules for constructing sentences
- word order
- sentence structure
- morphological markers

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16
Q

extralinguistic information

A

facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, posture, setting
- used to interpret ambiguous info

17
Q

learning language

A

children recognize their native language before they are born

18
Q

first year (babbling)

A

any intentional vocal sound that lacks meaning

19
Q

one word stage (< 2 yrs old)

A

comprehend basic syntax
- tend to over- and under-extend word meanings

20
Q

language deprivation

A

occurs due to a chronic lack of full access to a natural language during the critical period of language acquisition

21
Q

sign language

A

relies on visual communication

22
Q

bilingualism

A

ability to speak and comprehend fluently in more than one language

23
Q

nativist account (lang. acquisition)

A

we are born with some language knowledge

24
Q

social pragmatic account (lang. acquisition)

A

social environment structures lang. learning
- simple word/action association vs. recognizing communicative goals

25
Q

general cognitive processing account (lang. acquisition)

A

we learn lang. the same way we learn anything else

26
Q

linguistic determinism

A

the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought

27
Q

linguistic relativity

A

the proposal that the particular language we speak influences the way we think about reality

28
Q

reading

A

highly automatic process

29
Q

speed reading

A
  • avg. student can read 200-300 wpm
  • > 400 wpm and comprehension drops