Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gen Psych Midterm > Ch 4: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Ch 4: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

sensation

A

detection of physical energy by our sense organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

perception

A

brain’s interpretation of raw sensory data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

transduction

A

when the neurons system converts an external stimulus into electrical signals within neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sensory adaption

A

activation is highest when the stimulus is first detected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

absolute threshold

A

lowest level of a stimulus we can detect 50% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A

the smallest amount of stimulus change we can detect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

weber’s law

A

the stronger the stimulus, the larger the JND
- JND/original stimulus intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

signal detection theory

A

regards how stimuli are detected under diff. conditions
- response bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

signal to noise ratio

A

harder to detect a signal as background noise increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

selective attention

A

brain picks and chooses important sensory information
- other “channels” are still processed at some level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cocktail party effect

A

the ability to focus one’s attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli (usually auditory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to see stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere
- ex.: monkey business allusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

change blindness

A

failure to detect changes in the environment
- ex.: door study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the binding problem

A

how do our brains combine all the various stimuli around us into a coherent whole?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

light

A

see color based on what is absorbed and reflected
- white things reflect all wavelengths
- black things absorb all wavelengths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

qualities of light

A
  • brightness: intensity of reflected light
  • hue (color): absorbed light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sclera

A

white portion of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

iris

A

colored portion of the eye that has muscles which control the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pupil

A

where light enters
- dilate (get bigger)
- constrict (get smaller)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rods (in the retina)

A

responsible for basic chapes and forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cones (in the retina)

A

responsible for color and detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

trichromatic theory

A
  • we perceive 3 primary colors: red, blue, and green
  • support: 3 types of specialized cones
  • color blindness
  • challenges: can’t explain everything
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

color blindness

A
  • monochromats can’t see color at all
  • cause by: absence/reduced number of cones
  • brain damage to a color vision area in the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

opponent process theory

A

explains what trichromatic theory can’t
- 3 pairs of opponent cells: red/green, blue/yellow, black/white
- support: afterimages appear in complementary colors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

coping with blindness

A
  • rely on other senses more heavily
  • brain may reproduce visual cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

blindsight

A

blind people performing above-average on visual tests
- happens without conscious awareness

28
Q

sound

A

sound waves are mechanical vibrations
- usually traveling through air or other mediums

29
Q

pitch (frequency, Hz)

A
  • high frequency = higher pitch
  • lower frequency = lower pitch
30
Q

loudness (amplitude, dB)

A
  • higher amplitude = louder
  • lower amplitude = quieter
31
Q

outer ear

A

funnels sound to the ear drum

32
Q

pinna

A
  • part of the outer ear
  • visible cartilage flap
33
Q

ear canal

A
  • part of the outer ear
  • carries sound waves to the ear drum
34
Q

middle ear

A

transmits sound from ear drum to inner ear

35
Q

ossicles

A
  • part of the middle ear
  • hammer, anvil, stirrup (small bones)
36
Q

inner ear

A

site of auditory transduction

37
Q

cochlea

A
  • part of the inner ear
  • converts vibrations into neural activity
  • contains fluid that is disturbed by sound vibrations, and this fluid movement exerts pressure on hair cells
38
Q

hair cells

A
  • part of the inner ear
  • convert sound waves into action potentials
  • located in the organ of corti and basilar membrane
39
Q

place theory (pitch perception)

A
  • base = high pitch
  • top = low pitch
  • only accounts for high-pitched tones
  • 5,000 - 20,000 Hz
40
Q

frequency theory (pitch perception)

A
  • neurons rate of firing reproduces the frequency of the sound
  • only accounts for very low pitches
  • up to 100 Hz
41
Q

volley theory (pitch perception)

A
  • sets of neurons fire together at their maximum rate to produce higher pitches
  • tones between 100 - 5,000 Hz
42
Q

olfaction

A

smell

43
Q

gustation

A

taste
- individual differences are caused by “supertasters”, smoking, age-related declines, etc

44
Q

taste

A
  • sweet
  • salty
  • sour
  • bitter
  • umami (meaty or savory)
45
Q

smell receptors

A
  • each olfactory neuron contains a single type of receptor
  • they recognize an odorant based on its shape
46
Q

taste receptors

A

taste buds are contained in bumps on the tongue

47
Q

somatosensory

A

touch, temperature, pain

48
Q

sensory receptors

A

nerve endings in the skin

49
Q

post transduction

A

travel first to the spinal cord, then to the brain stem and somatosensory cortex

50
Q

gate control theory

A
  • spinal nerves act as gates to let pain travel through to reach the brain
    OR
  • close these gates and prevent pain messages from getting through at all
51
Q

acute pain

A

short lived

52
Q

chronic pain

A

enduring

53
Q

proprioception

A

kinesthetic sense - body position
- your body’s ability to sense movement, action, and location

54
Q

vestibular sense

A

equilibrium and balance

55
Q

perception

A

sense meet the brain
- after transduction data is organized/consolidated in the brain

56
Q

parallel processing

A

attending to multiple senses at the same time

57
Q

bottom up processing

A

features of the stimulus affect perception

58
Q

top down processing

A

beliefs, expectations, stereotypes

59
Q

perceptual constancy: shape

A

can perceive diff. stimuli are the same thing

60
Q

facial perception

A

recognize whole faces, not just individual features

61
Q

monocular cues (one eye)

A

relative size, texture gradient, interposition, etc.

62
Q

binocular cues (both eyes)

A

binocular disparity
- the difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes
- ex.: alternate closing one eye w/ a pen in front

63
Q

binocular convergence

A

eyes turn inward to closer stimuli

64
Q

subliminal perception

A

stimuli presented outside of awareness
- may affect behavior
- NOT equal to subliminal persuasion
- effects tend to disappear when subjects gain awareness

65
Q

psychic predictions

A
  • often do no come true
  • they use other methods to make it seem as if they are accurate
  • cold read techniques

Gen Psych Midterm (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions