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Gen Psych Midterm > Ch 2: Research Methods - Vital Safeguards Against Error > Flashcards

Ch 2: Research Methods - Vital Safeguards Against Error Flashcards

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1
Q

2 Modes of Thinking

A
  1. intuitive
  2. analytical
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2
Q

Intuitive Thinking

A
  • quick, reflexive
  • almost automatic
  • relies heuristics
  • autopilot = ON
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3
Q

Analytical Thinking

A
  • slow
  • reflective
  • effortful
  • autopilot = OFF
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4
Q

4 Broad Research Designs

A
  1. naturalistic observation
  2. case studies
  3. correlation designs
  4. experimental designs
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5
Q

Internal Validity (control)

A
  • can we make a casual claim?
  • did X cause Y?
  • most account/control for alternative explanations
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6
Q

External Validity (generalizability)

A
  • is this how people behave in the real world?
  • does the conclusion generalize outside the lab?
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7
Q

Naturalistic Obs.

A
  • watching behavior in the real-world
  • ex: Jane Goodall experiments with the chimpanzees
  • high external validity
  • low internal validity b/c we can’t establish causation
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8
Q

Case Study

A
  • studying one person or a group over an extended period of time
  • low external validity
  • no internal validity
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9
Q

Correlational Design

A
  • measuring 2 or more things to see if they are related
  • vary from r = -1 to +1
  • perfect corr.: +1 or -1
  • no relation: 0
  • positive: (one goes up, the other goes up)
  • negative: (one goes up, the other goes down)
  • no internal validity
  • sometimes has external validity
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10
Q

Correlation vs Causation

A

just because 2 things are related does not mean that one causes the other

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11
Q

Experimental Designs

A
  • variable: anything that can be measured
  • independent var.: whatever was manipulated
  • dependent var.: the variable being measured
  • high internal validity
  • lower external validity than other designs
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12
Q

Determining causation

A

you must manipulate one variable, and measure how it affects the other

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13
Q

Random Assignment

A
  • helps control for individual differences
  • helps rule out confounds w/ participant assignment
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14
Q

Placebo Effect

A
  • improvement due to mere expectation of improvement
  • may show similar effects to real drugs
  • nocebo effect (you receive harm b/c you expect harm)
  • solutions: blind studies
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15
Q

Experimenter Expectancy Effect

A
  • researcher expectations influence participant behavior
  • solution: double-blind studies
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16
Q

Demand Characteristics

A
  • participants try to guess the hypothesis and alter their behavior
  • prevents researchers from accurate/unbiased observation of participant behavior
  • solutions: cover story, filler items
17
Q

Self-report Measures

A
  • rely on participants self-assessments rather than experimenter observation
  • sensitive to format and wording
  • disadvantages: participants may lie or be biased
  • advantages: easy/low cost, most accurate sometimes, can be easy to interpret
18
Q

Alternatives to self-report

A
  • measure behavior
  • indirect measures
  • have others evaluate them
19
Q

Validity (define)

A

extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure

20
Q

Reliability

A
  • how consistent the measurement is
  • test-retest reliability: do people score similarly on the same test over time?
21
Q

Descriptive Stats

A
  • communicative pattern of results
  • numerical interpretations
22
Q

Inferential Stats (define)

A

draw conclusions from results

23
Q

Measures of central tendency

A
  • mean
  • median
  • mode
24
Q

Mean

A

avg. of all scores

25
Q

Median

A

middle score in the data set
- less sensitive to outliers than the mean

26
Q

Mode

A

most frequent score in the data set

27
Q

Bell-curve

A
  • positive
  • normal
  • negative
28
Q

Variability

A

how loosely or tightly bunched the scores are

  1. standard deviation
  2. range
29
Q

Standard deviation

A

measures how far each data point is from the mean

30
Q

Range

A

difference between the highest and lowest score

31
Q

Inferential Statistics

A
  • significance testing (p-values) indicate the probability your findings occurred by chance
  • the smaller the p-value, the more evidence against the null (so we’re more confident that we can reject the null hyp.)
32
Q

Statistical significance

A
  • p < 0.05
  • if p < 0.05, reject the null (there is an effect)
  • does not indicate real-world importance of finding
33
Q

Practical significance

A
  • p <0.05 does not say anything about the size of the effect
  • effect size may say something about the importance or predictive value of an effect
34
Q

Evaluating Research

A
  • statistics can also be misleading
  1. report unrepresentative measures
  2. truncate graphs: y-axis does not start at 0
  3. neglect base rates
  • peer review
    -push for transparency
35
Q

Evaluating Psych in the Media

A
  • researchers incentives may not align with truth-telling
36
Q

Ethical Issues in Human Research

A
  • institutional review boards (IRB): review proposals for research value and potential harm
  • informed consent
  • debriefing
37
Q

Examples of unethical experiments

A
  • Tuskegee Study: study of syphilis by US gov’t., but did not inform black men of its presence or an antibiotic
  • Milgram Study: made people think they were lethally shocking people (appeal to authority)
  • Stanford Prison Experiment

Gen Psych Midterm (8 decks)

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