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Gen Psych Midterm > Ch 3: Biological Psychology > Flashcards

Ch 3: Biological Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells specialized for communication

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2
Q

glial cells

A
  • create the myelin sheath, promote new connections
  • astrocytes are most common which are involved w/ thought, memory, and the immune system | are also abundant in the blood-brain barrier
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3
Q

cell body (part of the neuron: PON)

A

cell’s life support center

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4
Q

axon (PON)

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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5
Q

neural impulse (PON)

A

electrical signal traveling down the axon

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6
Q

terminal branches

A

from junctions w/ other cells

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7
Q

myelin sheath

A

covers the axon of some neurons and help spread neural impulse

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8
Q

action potential

A
  • firing: all or nothing
  • causes neurotransmitters to enter the synoptic cleft
  • reuptake: constant process
  • absolute refractory period
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9
Q

responses to neurotransmitters

A
  • excitatory (increases firing)
  • inhibitory (decreases firing)
  • “firing”: when an action potential occurs
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10
Q

GABA

A
  • inhibitory
  • roles in learning, memory, and sleep
  • alcohol and several anti-anxiety drugs increase activity
  • undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, insomnia
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11
Q

glutamate

A
  • excitatory
  • associated with improved learning and memory
  • abnormally high levels associated w/ mental disorders
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12
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • mostly excitatory
  • enables muscle action, learning, and memory
  • low levels associated alzheimer’s disease
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13
Q

dopamine

A
  • excitatory or inhibitory (depends on receptor)
  • motor functions and psychological reward
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14
Q

serotonin

A
  • inhibitory
  • mood, hunger, sleep, arousal, pain
  • antidepressants
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15
Q

endorphins

A
  • inhibitory
  • pain reduction
  • narcotics: codeine, morphine, heroin
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16
Q

agonists

A

increase receptor site activity

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17
Q

antagonists

A

decrease receptor site activity

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18
Q

neural plasticity

A
  • brain continuously changes over time (changes are subtle depending on contextual factors)
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19
Q

cerebral cortex (CNS)

A

analyzes sensory brain functions
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe

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20
Q

basal ganglia (CNS)

A
  • structure of the forebrain
  • intracortical structure
  • controlled movement and motor planning
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21
Q

limbic system (CNS)

A

emotional center of the brain
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- amygdala
-hippocampus

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22
Q

cerebellum (CNS)

A

balance

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23
Q

brainstem (CNS)

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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24
Q

lateralization

A

many brain functions rely on more than one hemisphere

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25
Q

left hemisphere (cerebral cortex: CC)

A
  • speech comprehension/production
  • phonology
  • making facial expressions
  • motion detection
26
Q

right hemisphere (CC)

A
  • simple speech and writing
  • tone of voice
  • perceptual grouping
  • face perception
27
Q

split brain patients

A
  • involves splitting the two hemispheres in half
28
Q

frontal lobe (CC)

A
  • executive functioning
  • structures: prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, broca’s area
29
Q

parietal lobe (CC)

A

spatial perception

30
Q

occipital lobe (CC)

A

visual information

31
Q

temporal lobe (CC)

A
  • auditory cortex
  • wernicke’s area: speech comprehension
  • language, autobiographical memory
32
Q

spinal cord

A
  • bundle of nerves
  • 2 lane highway
33
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • connects rest of the body to the CNS
  • somatic system
  • autonomic system
34
Q

somatic system (PNS)

A

voluntary movement

35
Q

autonomic system (PNS)

A

involuntary movement, automatic functions
- sympathetic: fight or flight
- parasympathetic: rest and digestion

36
Q

endocrine system: ES (PNS)

A
  • glands that release hormones into the bloodstream
37
Q

pituitary gland (ES)

A
  • controls blood pressure, regulates physical growth
38
Q

oxytocin

A

associated with love, affiliation, and reproduction

39
Q

adrenal gland (ES)

A
  • emergency center
  • adrenaline
  • cortisol
  • released in times of stress
  • sympathetic system
40
Q

reproduction (ES)

A
  • testes: testosterone
  • ovaries: estrogen
  • all sexes have both hormones, but amounts vary according to sex
41
Q

nature (genes)

A
  • chromosomes inside each cell’s nucleus carry genes
  • humans have 46
  • random errors in genes (mutations) occur when passing them on
42
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

43
Q

phenotype

A

set of observable characteristics of an organism

44
Q

behavioral genetics

A
  • tries to estimate the influence of nature and nurture on traits
  • some traits are highly inheritable, while others are less so
  • methods: family studies, twin studies, adoption studies
45
Q

biological psychologists

A

researchers who study the relation between behavior and the nervous system

46
Q

phrenology

A

link to personality traits and bumps on someone’s head

47
Q

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

measures electrical activity generated by the brain

48
Q

electrodes

A

small devices placed on the scalp’s surface

49
Q

neuroimaging

A

branch of medical imaging that focuses on the brain
- allows us to look into the brain’s structure and/or function

50
Q

CT scans

A

a 3 dimensional reconstruction of multiple x-rays taken through a part of the body

51
Q

MRI

A

shows structural detail using the release of energy from water in biological tissues following exposure to a magnetic field
- use radio waves

52
Q

PET scan

A

measures changes in the brain’s activity in response to stimuli
- requires the injection of radioactive glucose-like molecules into patients

53
Q

fMRI

A

measures the change in blood oxygen level as brain activity increases

54
Q

neuroselection

A

placing unwanted confidence in evidence derived from brain-imaging studies

55
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

a neurosurgical procedure that implants battery-powered electrodes within the brain to provide electrical stimulation directly to certain areas

56
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

applies strong magnetic fields to the surface of the skull to create electrical fields in the brain that can either enhance of interrupt brain function
- the only noninvasive brain imaging technique

57
Q

ruling out rival hypotheses

A

have important alternative explanations for the findings been excluded?

58
Q

correlation vs causation

A

can we be sure A causes B?

59
Q

falsifiability

A

can the claim be disproved?

60
Q

replicability

A

can the results be duplicated in other studies?

61
Q

generalizability

A

do these findings and conclusions reflect the diversity of the human experience?

62
Q

extraordinary claims

A

is the evidence as strong as the claim?

Gen Psych Midterm (8 decks)

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