Ch 8 Summary Flashcards
Cancer
abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells;
Malignant tumour
can invade surrounding structures and spread to distant sites via the blood and lymphatic system, producing additional tumours
A malignant cell
divides without regard for normal growth.
As tumours grow,
they produce signs or symptoms that are determined by their location in the body.
Two in five Canadians:
will develop cancer in their lifetime
Lung cancer
kills more people than any other type of cancer. Tobacco smoke is the primary cause.
Five Risk Factors on Cancer:
Smoking
Lack of Fruits & Vegetables
Physical Inactivity
Obesity
Alcohol
Hyperplasia
Stages of Tumor Development
Altered cell and its descendants look normal, but continue to reproduce too much.
Dysplasia
Stages of Tumor Development
After additional mutations, the descendants of the altered cells may be abnormal in shape.
Dysplasia may or may not develop into cancer
In Situ Cancer:
Stages of Tumor Development
is diagnosed if the abnormal cells are found only in the location they first formed.
Localized invasive tumor:
Stages of Tumor Development
Abnormal cells may gain the ability to invade nearby tissues
Metastases
Stages of Tumor Development
tumor spreads via the blood or lymphatic vessel to travel to distance parts of the body and establish new tumors.
Lung cancer
kills more people than any other type of cancer (both men and women)
Tobacco smoke is the primary cause.
Diagnosed CT scan or X-ray
Colon and rectal cancer
are linked to age, heredity, obesity, and a diet rich in red meat and low in fruit and vegetables.
Most colon cancers arise from preexisting polyps.
Breast cancer
affects about one in eight women in Canada.
Although breast cancer has a genetic component, diet and hormones are also risk factors.
Diagnosed through mammogram or ultrasound
Prostate cancer
is chiefly a disease of aging; diet and lifestyle probably are factors in its occurrence.
Early detection is possible through rectal examinations and sometimes ultrasound.
Cancers of the female reproductive tract
include cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer.
The Pap test is an effective screening test for cervical cancer.
Skin Cancers
Abnormal cellular changes in the epidermis, often a result of exposure to the sun, cause skin cancer, as does chronic exposure to certain chemicals.
Skin cancers occur as:
1. basal cell carcinoma, (deep)
2. squamous cell carcinoma (surface),
3. melanoma (mole)
Oral cancer
caused primarily by smoking, excess alcohol consumption, and use of spit tobacco.
Oral cancers are easy to detect but often hard to treat.
Testicular cancer
can be detected early through self-examination.
Mutational damage
to a cell’s DNA can lead to rapid and uncontrolled growth of cells;
mutagens include:
radiation, viral infection, and chemical substances in food and air.
Cancer-promoting dietary factors
include meat, certain types of fats, and alcohol.
Diets high in fruit and vegetables:
are linked to a lower risk of cancer
Other possible causes of cancer include:
inactivity and obesity
certain types of infections
chemicals, and radiation.
