Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

231 (March 22) > Ch 4 > Flashcards

Ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Subcutaneous Fat

A

Fat beneath the skin, critical for normal body functioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Visceral Fat

A

Fat inside the abdominal wall and around internal organs, linked to heart disease and metabolic issues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ectopic Fat

A

Fat located on or within organs, increasing the risk for metabolic syndrome and heart disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

positive energy balance

A

Consuming more calories than expended, leading to weight gain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

negative energy balance

A

Burning more calories than consumed, resulting in weight loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

1 kg of body fat

A

7000kcal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Men with overweight tend to have an

A

apple (android) shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Women with overweight tend to have a

A

pear (gynoid) shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nutrigenomics

A

the study of the interaction between nutrients and genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Metabolism

A

key factor in the regulation of body fat and weight

Sum of all vital processes making food energy and nutrients available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

A

Energy to maintain vital body function at rest

Accounts for 60 – 70% of daily energy expenditure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Heredity and behaviour affect

A

metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Males have a higher RMR

A

due to increased muscle mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

High RMR

A

means the individual expends more energy while at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Resistance training may protect

A

against age related declines in RMR

Exercise will increase the RMR in addition to increasing muscle mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Leptin & Ghrelin hormones

A

regulate body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ghrelin released by the stomach

A

increases appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What lowers ghrelin levels?

A

Adequate Sleep

& diet high in whole grains and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

adipose tissue =

A

body fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

adipose cells =

A

fat cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The amount of fat

A

is dependent on the number and size of (fat cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Visceral fat

A

contains biologically active substrates

Inflammatory chemicals and growth factors

Adhere to blood vessels – decrease cardiovascular health

Promotes insulin resistance

The more visceral fat – the greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Subcutaneous fat

A

appears to have little health risk – not metabolically active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

An Obesogenic Environment promotes

A

Growth in endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) – obesogens

Disrupt the control over fat production and energy balance

Susceptibility to obesity and diabetes in later life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Women tend to be obese
at lower income levels
26
men tend to be more obese at
higher income levels
27
Diet refers to daily food choices
everyone has a diet but is not dieting
28
Pay special attention to
total caloric intake Portion size energy density eating habits
29
Best approach is to increase physical activity with moderate caloric restriction
DO NOT go on a crash diet Diet needs to incorporate all essential nutrients Maintaining weight is harder than losing weight**
30
Consequences of sleep deprivation include:
1. Cognitive impairment 2. Daytime sleepiness 3. Difficulty concentrating and remembering
31
Reject any book or advice that offers the following:
An unbalanced manner of eating – e.g. a high CHO diet or very low CHO diet A “scientific breakthrough” or secret to success Uses gimmicks such as matching blood type to eating, hyping insulin resistance or combining foods in different ways Promises quick weight loss or severely limits food choices
32
Many diets can cause weight loss;
maintaining the weight loss is the challenge
33
Genetic Factors in Obesity
40-70% genetic contribution to obesity, influencing body size, shape, and metabolic rate
34
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
extreme dissatisfaction of the body image Often Underrecognized and underdiagnosed People with BDD require professional intervention
35
Anorexia nervosa
A person with anorexia nervosa does not eat enough to maintain a healthy body weight 90% of this group are female
36
Muscle dysmorphia
another form of distorted body image Experienced in bodybuilders – see themselves as small and out of shape
37
Women tend to measure their self-worth in terms of their appearance
If they “don’t measure up” they see themselves as defective – self-esteem fails
38
Women with a positive view tend to think about
how their bodies function rather than how they appear to others
39
Health Risks of Anorexia nervosa
Women often stop menstruating and become intolerant of cold Develop low blood pressure and heart rate Skin is often dry and covered with a fine hair Loss of muscle tissue causes the body to digest its own organs for protein Death can occur from electrolyte imbalances
40
Bulimia Nervosa
Person engages in recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging maintain a normal body weight Hide their eating habits About 90% of cases are women
41
Health Risks of Bulimia Nervosa
Contact with stomach acid erodes tooth enamel – often develop tooth decay Diminished caloric intake may damage liver, kidneys and trigger cardiac arrhythmias Chronic hoarseness and esophageal tearing – rupture of the stomach More associated with depression and a preoccupation with food and body image
42
Binge Eating Disorder
2% of Canadians are affected Characterised by uncontrollable eating – feelings of guilt and shame food is a method of coping with stress or conflict
43
Orthorexia
obsessed with healthy eating – compulsive about checking nutritional lists and labels Do not eat anything that is deemed not pure or acceptable
44
For bulimia nervosa
the first issue is to stabilize eating patterns
45
For anorexia nervosa
the first issue is to restore a healthy weight
46
Body composition
amounts of fat-free mass and fat in the body.
47
Overweight and obesity
body weight or the percentage of body fat that exceeds what is associated with good health.
48
The key to weight management is maintaining
a balance of calories in (food) and calories out (resting metabolism, food digestion, and physical activity).
49
Standards for assessing body weight and body composition
body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat.
50
An inaccurate or negative body image is common
and can lead to psychological distress and disordered eating.
51
Genetic factors help determine a person’s weight
but the influence of heredity can be overcome with attention to lifestyle factors.
52
Physiological factors involved in the regulation of body weight and body fat include
metabolic rate, hormonal influences, and the size and number of fat cells.
53
Tips for weight management
1.consuming a moderate number of calories 2. limiting portion sizes 3. energy density 4. intake of fat 5. simple sugars, refined carbohydrates, and protein to recommended levels 6. developing an eating schedule and rules for food choices
54
Weight management requires developing
positive, realistic self-talk and self-esteem and a repertoire of appropriate techniques for handling stress and other emotional and physical challenges.
55
Many people are successful at long-term weight loss on their own
by combining diet and exercise.
56
Diet books, websites, social media programs, dietary aids and supplements, and formal weight-loss programs
should be assessed for safety and efficacy.
57
Professional help is needed in cases of severe or morbid obesity;
medical treatments include prescription drugs, surgery, and psychological therapy.
58
An inaccurate or negative body image is common
and can lead to psychological distress.
59
Dissatisfaction with weight and shape
are common to all eating disorders.
60
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by
self-starvation, distorted body image, and an intense fear of gaining weight
61
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by
recurrent episodes of uncontrolled binge eating and frequent purging.
62
Binge-eating disorder involves
binge eating without regular use of compensatory purging.
63
Body Fat Importance
Fat's role in energy storage, organ cushioning, and temperature regulation.
64
Hydrostatic Weighing
Accurate method analyzing body composition by submerging and weighing under water
65
Bioelectrical Impedance
Method using electrical current to calculate body fat percentage.
66
Type 2 diabetes
Condition where pancreas produces insufficient insulin or cells are insulin-resistant
67
Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors
smoking, inactivity, and overweight or obesity.
68
Chronic Disease
Obesity is recognized as a chronic disease by health organizations.
69
Ectopic Fat Risk
Increases the risk for metabolic syndrome, heart disease, and stroke.
70
22 extra daily calories lead
to a one-kilogram weight gain over a year.
71
Bod Pod
Device using air to measure body composition density
72
Skinfold Measurements
Technique measuring fat thickness under the skin for body composition assessment
73
Waist Circumference
Assessing body composition using waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio
74
Unexplained weight loss
Sign of diabetes; occurs due to glucose buildup in the bloodstream
75
Glucose
Sugar in the blood; builds up if not transported into cells
76
Extreme fatigue
Severe tiredness; symptom of diabetes
77
Insulin
Hormone that regulates glucose uptake by cells
78
Frequent infections
Regular occurrence of illnesses; linked to diabetes
79
Slow wound healing
Delayed recovery of injuries; associated with diabetes
80
Tingling or numbness in hands and feet
Sensation of pins and needles or lack of feeling; symptom of diabetes
81
Dry, itchy skin
Skin condition characterized by lack of moisture; can be related to diabetes
82
Type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune condition where pancreas produces little to no insulin
83
Type 2 diabetes
most common
84
Statistic showing 29%
of Canadians have diabetes or prediabetes
85
Gestational diabetes
Temporary diabetes during pregnancy; may lead to type 2 diabetes
86
Prediabetes
Elevated blood glucose not yet at diabetes level
87
Body Composition Analysis
Various methods to assess body fat percentage and distribution.
88
Body Fat Assessment
Determining percentage of body fat using different measurement techniques
89
Aesthetic Sports
Sports leading to the female triad: abnormal eating, excessive exercise, decreased bone density
90
Metabolism and RMR
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) accounts for 60-70% of daily energy expenditure
91
Hormones and Body Fat
Leptin and ghrelin regulate body weight and appetite
92

231 (March 22) (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions