Ch. 8 Social Cognition Flashcards
stereotype*
a special type of social knowledge structure or social belief
- represent socially shared beliefs about characteristics y behaviors of a particular social group
age-based double standard
standard that operates when an individual attributes an older person’s failures in memory as more serious than a memory failure observed in a YA
implicit stereotyping
automatic, unconscious stereotypes
stereotype threat
fear of being judged in accordance w/ a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong
(ie) job hires based on age rather than capability
self-perception of aging**
individual’s perceptions of their own age y aging
labeling theory**
argues when we confront an age-related stereotype, older adults are more likely to integrate it into their self-perception
resilience theory**
argues confronting a (-) stereotype results in rejection of that view in favor of a more positive self-perception
impression formation
the way we form y revise first impressions about others
negativity bias
when ppl allow their initial (-) impressions stand despite subsequent positive info b/c (-) info was more striking to them y thus affected them more strongly
hold on to y notice more (-) things
- increases w/ age
social knowledge / beliefs
a cognitive structure that represents one’s general knowledge about a given social concept or domain
(ie) women should value marriage over their career
source judgment**
process of assessing knowledge wherein one attempts to determine where one obtained a particular piece of info
knowledge accessibility based
availability
accessibility
social beliefs depend on
(1) specific content
(2) strengths of beliefs
(3) automatically activated
causal attributions*
explanations for behavior that can be situational or dispositional
situational attribution*
an explanation for someone’s behavior that is external to the person
- explain behavior based on environment
(ie) flunk test b/c too hard
dispositional attribution*
an explanation for someone’s behavior based on who the person is
(ie) flunk test b/c person is stupid
correspondence bias
relying on dispositional info (person based) in explaining behavior and ignoring compelling situational information (environment based)
positivity effect**
the tendency to attend to and process (+) info over (-) info
cognitive style**
a trait-like pattern of behavior one uses when approaching a problem-solving situation
personal control
the degree on believes one’s performance in a situation depends on something that one personally does
degree you feel you have control over your situation/environment
(ie) primary vs. secondary control
assimilative activities**
prevent or alleviate losses in domains that are personally relevant fro self-esteem and identity
accommodation**
readjusting goals y aspirations as a way to lessen or neutralize the effects of (-) self-evaluations in key domains
(ie) immigrants accommodate to the new country’s culture/customs
immunizing mechanism**
alter the effects of self-discrepant evidence
(ie) after proven wrong, look at alternatives for the result or even denying the evidence
primary control
bringing the environment in line w/ one’s desires y goals
(ie) lose job, primary control = look for new job
secondary control
bringing oneself in line w/ environment
(ie) elder drives on smaller roads rather than busy streets to decrease other people from getting road rage
implicit stereotype
stereotyped belief that affects your judgment of others w/out your awareness
- unconscious
(ie) never seen a Black person swim before
collaborative cognition
when two or more people work juntos to solve a cognitive task
