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PSYC 365 > Ch 8: Assessment: Self Report and Projective Measures > Flashcards

Ch 8: Assessment: Self Report and Projective Measures Flashcards

1
Q

What are personality traits?

A
  • consistencies in behaviour, emotions, and attitudes across situations and time, shaped by genetics and life experiences
  • ie the more an individual possessed a certain trait, the more likely they would behave consistent with that trait in any situation or environment
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2
Q

What is the person-situation debate?

A
  • whether measures of personality can accurately predict behaviour and if personality is stable or if stability is illusory
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3
Q

What did Mischel’s literature review find about the person-situation debate?

A
  • variations across situations were more important than personality measures in accounting for behavioural variability
  • personality and behaviour overlap rarely
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4
Q

How is the person-situation debate viewed today?

A
  • no longer considered a debate (like nature vs. nurture)

- both situational influences and personality traits are important in predicting behaviour

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5
Q

What is cross-situational variability important for?

A
  • cross-situational variability in people’s actions is a source of important information
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6
Q

What did the person-situation debate spark?

A
  • psychologists began developing and increasingly using situation or disorder-specific checklists and rating scales which now complement personality measures in assessments
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7
Q

What do validity scales detect?

A
  • many measures include validity scales that detect:
  • faking good
  • malingering
  • inconsistent response style
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8
Q

How do we develop culturally appropriate measures?

A
  • assume measures are culturally biased unless data suggests otherwise
  • is the content applicable across different groups?
  • are construct related in similar ways across different groups?
  • do the cut-off scores developed with one group apply to other groups?
  • is the factor structure the same across groups? (one group may have more physical components of anxiety)
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9
Q

What is the ideal way to use culturally appropriate assessment?

A
  • use measures that have been validated for the specific group
  • consult published norms in interpreting findings
  • use multiple assessment methods to reduce bias
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10
Q

How do we complete culturally appropriate assessment when there are no measures validated for use with a group?

A
  • avoid using scores
  • use tests to generate hypotheses only
  • explicitly acknowledge questionable validity of test with this group
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11
Q

What must always be taken into account when interpreting test data?

A
  • take into account the client’s life circumstances when interpreting test data and integrating hypotheses with other clinical information
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12
Q

What are the steps to translate a measure?

A
  • translate
  • back-translate
  • compare and adjust as required
  • pilot test and adjust
  • test reliability in larger sample and adjust
  • re-standardize scores with norms from 2nd language group
  • study construct validity
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13
Q

What are the aspects of clinical utility?

A
  • do clinicians find it useful?
  • is there replicated evidence of reliability and validity?
  • does it make a difference?
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14
Q

Why were self-report personality measures created?

A
  • based on idea that we are good sources of information about ourselves
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15
Q

What is the downfall of self-report personality measures?

A
  • little scientific evidence of personality measures having meaningful impact on outcome of psychological services
  • have been used to inform treatment-planning decisions but are not effective for this
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16
Q

What is efficacy? What is effectiveness?

A
  • efficacy: performance under ideal conditions

- effectiveness: performance under real-world conditions

17
Q

What self-report personality measures are available for clinical and non-clinical populations?

A
  • Neo Personality Inventory-3 based on 5-factor model of personality (OCEAN)
  • do not include validity scales due to focus on normal personality
18
Q

What self-report personality measures are available in clinical populations only?

A
  • MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF
  • MMPR-2-A
  • MCMI-IV and MACI
  • PAI-A
19
Q

What is the MMPI-2?

A
  • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  • self-report personality test available in more than 2 dozen languages and in an adolescent version
  • comprised of validity scales, clinical scales and content scales
20
Q

What revisions were made in the MMPI-2-RF?

A
  • reduced # of items
  • restructured scales
  • stronger psychometric properties but less research
  • many clinicians still use MMPI-2
21
Q

What is one downside of MMPI-2?

A
  • research has found that it risks overpathologizing clients from low SES
22
Q

What caused the shift to self-report checklists of behaviour and symptoms?

A
  • shift away from broadband tests to self-report checklists
  • developments in EBA, changes in reimbursement practices, greater awareness and demand for measures that help case formulation and treatment evaluation
23
Q

What are some commonly used self-report checklists?

A
  • Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA)
  • Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
  • Children’s Depression Inventory 2 (CDI 2)
24
Q

What are the pros of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)? Cons?

A
  • pros: frequently used, evidence it is psychometrically strong tool for assessing depressive symptoms in adolescents and adults (reliability and validity)
  • cons: does not provide sufficient detail to determine if diagnosis is met, scores drop due to repeated administration of the test (imprecise for treatment-monitoring)
25
Q

What are the pros of the Children’s Depression Inventory 2 (CDI-2)? Cons?

A
  • pro: CDI had good reliability and validity, no socioeconomic effects
  • cons: does not distinguish between heightened levels of depressive and anxious symptoms, repeated testing can cause decreased reported symptoms
26
Q

What are projective measures of personality?

A
  • present ambiguous stimuli with no inherent meaning so clinician can infer client’s personality and psychosocial functioning
  • origins in Freud and psychoanalysis
27
Q

What are the 5 categories of projective tests?

A
  • association techniques ( indicate what a stimulus looks like)
  • construction techniques (produce a story, drawing, etc.)
  • completion techniques (finish a sentence, story, etc.)
  • arrangement/selection techniques (rank order preference for stimuli)
  • expression techniques (analysis of handwriting)
28
Q

What are the cons of projective measures of personality?

A
  • no standardization and no availability of appropriate norms (only Rorschach)
  • variability in reliability and validity data
29
Q

Why do psychologists continue to use projective tests?

A
  • training/clinician tradition
  • eminence-based practice
  • barnum effect among clients and overestimation of psychopathology

PSYC 365 (15 decks)

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