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General Anatomy > Ch. 8 - Articulations > Flashcards

Ch. 8 - Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

articulation

A

where 2 or bones meet

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2
Q

Classification based on movement

A

synarthrosis- immovable
amphiarthrosis- slight movement
diarthrosis- free movement

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3
Q

types of joints

A

1) fibrous joint (collagen fibers)
2) cartilaginous joint
3) synovial joint (joint capsule/accessory ligaments)

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4
Q

Fibrous Joints (General)

A
  • lack synovial cavity
  • held together by fibrous CT
  • synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis
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5
Q

Fibrous Joint (types)

A

1) Suture
2) Syndesmosis
3) Synostosis
4) Gomphosis

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6
Q

Suture Joint (fibrous)

A

(synarthrotic)
-flat bones of the skull
suture ligament= fibrous CT connecting bones

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7
Q

Syndesmosis Joint (fibrous)

A

(amphiarthrotic)
- more CT than suture
ex. connect tibula/fibula (bones united by ligament)

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8
Q

Synostosis Joint (fibrous)

A

(synarthrotic)
-articulation that fuses and ossifies
ex. epiphyseal plate turns into epiphyseal line
suture on skull turns into synostosis

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9
Q

Gomphosis Joint (fibrous)

A

(synarthrotic)

-joining a cone-shaped bony process with a bony socket (tooth root attaches to bony socket)

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10
Q

Cartilage Joints (General)

A
  • lack of synovial cavity
  • little to no movement
  • bones connected by hyaline or fibrocatilage
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11
Q

Cartilage Joints (Types)

A

Synchondrosis, Symphysis

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12
Q

Synchondrosis Joint (cartilage)

A

between 2 bones of a skeletal element separated by cartilage

ex. epiphesial plates or joints between ribs/sternum
- when fusion occurs it becomes synostosis
- connecting material is hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

Symphysis (cartilage)

A

(amphiarthrotic)

  • surface of bone at area of articulation covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage (fibrocartilage is connecting material)
  • cartilage attached to pad of spongy fibrocartilage
  • ex. intervertebral disc
  • if fused, mobility decreases
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14
Q

Synarthrotic Joints

A

Suture, Synostosis, Gomphosis

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15
Q

Amphiarthrotic Joints

A

Syndesmosis, Symphysis

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16
Q

Synovial Joints (Features)

A

1) 2 bones separated by fluid-filled cavity
2) joint (articular) capsule has 2 layers
a. synovial membrane-produces synovial fluid (nourishes hyaline cartilage)
b. articular cartilage- acts as shock absorber and reduces friction (hyaline with no perichondrium)
3) synovial fluid

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17
Q

Synovial Fluid

A 
components: blood, filtrate, glycoproteins (lubrication), hyaluronic acid (holds stuff together)
functions:
-lubricates joint surfaces
-nourish chondrocytes
-shock absorber
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18
Q

Synovial Joint Accessory Structures

A

ligaments, articular discs, fat pads, bursae, tendon sheath, labrum

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19
Q

ligaments (synovial joints)

A

-reinforce and strengthen joint capsule
-inelastic (don’t stretch)
types:
extracapsular- outside joint capsule *most ligaments
intracapsular- inside joint capsule (ex. ACL)

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20
Q

articular discs (synovial joints)

A

menisci

  • fibrocartilage pads that subdivide synovial cavity
    ex. menisci, knee joint
    functions:
  • channel synovial fluid
  • modify articular surface
  • restrict joint movement
  • distribute body weight
  • restricts joint mobility (don’t bend too far)
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21
Q

fat pads (synovial joints)

A

around periphery (outside of joint)

ex. adipose tissue surrounding synovial cavity
function: fill space when joint changes shape

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22
Q

bursae (synovial joints)

A 
fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid
-name based on location
location:
-hypodermis
-between tendons/ligaments and bones
function:
-cushion
-aid movement of tendons
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23
Q

tendon sheath (synovial joints)

A
  • not part of articulation
  • surrounds tendon to reduce friction
  • tendonitis= inflammation of tendon and/or tendon sheath
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24
Q

labrum (synovial joints)

A

extends rim of shoulder cavity/hip joint

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25
Q

Types of movement

A

Gliding:
-sliding at articulation
-linear motion forward and backward
-one plane
ex. clavicle/manubrium tarsal/carpal bones
Angular:
-types of angular movement (change angle between shaft/joint)

26
Q

Abduction (angular)

A

moving a part away from a midline

27
Q

Adduction (angular)

A

moving a part towards the midline

28
Q

Flexion (angular)

A

bending parts of a joint so angle between them decreases

29
Q

Extension (angular)

A

movement that increases the angle between parts of joint

30
Q

Hyperextension (angular)

A

extending joint beyond anatomical position

31
Q

Circumduction (angular)

A

pivoting around the origin of a limb (draw circle)

ex. hips/shoulders

32
Q

Rotation (angular)

A

turning around its own axis (no change in angle)
pronation-turning hand so palm is downward
supination-turning hand so palm is upward

33
Q

Eversion (special movement)

A

turning sole of foot upward (pronation of foot)

34
Q

Inversion (special movement)

A

turning sole of foot inward medially (supination of foot)

35
Q

Dorsiflexion (special movement)

A

flexing foot at ankle

*part of walking motion

36
Q

Plantar flexion (special movement)

A

tipping toes downward

*part of walking motion

37
Q

lateral flexion (special movement)

A

when vertebral column bends to the side (head side to side)

38
Q

protraction (special movement)

A

movement anteriorly in the horizontal plane

*stick chin out

39
Q

retraction (special movement)

A

moving a part backward

*tuck chin in

40
Q

opposition (special movement)

A

pad to pad contact of thumb with palm or other finger

41
Q

elevation (special movement)

A

movement superiorly

*jaw movement-shoulders up/down

42
Q

depression

A

lowering a part

*jaw movement-shoulders up/down

43
Q

Synovial Joints (principles)

A

there is always a trade-off between flexibility and stability determined by:

  • shape of articulating surface that prevents movement in certain directions (how joints fit together)
  • tightness of ligaments (stable but not flexible)
  • presence of accessory ligaments and collagen fibers
  • other bones/muscles/fat pads present
44
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket

45
Q

Plane joint (synovial)

A

articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved

  • allows sliding in 1 plane (side to side movement only)
    ex. sternoclavicular joint, vertebrocostal joint
46
Q

Hinge joint (synovial)

A

convex surface of one bone fits in concave surface of another

  • movement in 1 plane
    ex. elbow
47
Q

Pivot Joint (synovial)

A

rounded surface of one bone articulates with shallow depression or foramen in another

  • movement around a central axis
    ex. joint where dens is on axial/atlas vertebrae
48
Q

Condylar Joint (synovial)

A
  • condyl of one bone fits into ellipsoidal depression of another
  • biaxial movement (flex, extend, abduct, adduct)
    ex. wrist
49
Q

Saddle Joint (synovial)

A

articular surfaces are saddle shaped (one convex, other concave)

  • biaxial movement except for rotational (circumduction possible)
    ex. finger bones sit on each other
50
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joint (synovial)

A

ball shaped head of bone fits into cup-shaped depression of another

  • movement in all directions
    ex. shoulder/hip
51
Q

Temporomandibular Joint

A

Type of Articulation: combined Plane/Hinge joint
Movement: elevation/depression, lateral gliding, limited protraction/retraction
Articular capsule landmarks: hinge joint between condylar process of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone
Lateral ligament: on lateral side of articular capsule and is relatively thick
Stylomandibular ligament: extends from styloid process of temporal bone to posterior margin of the mandibular ramus
Sphenomandibular ligament: extends from sphenoidal spine to the medial surface of the mandibular ramus.

52
Q

Atlanto-occipital Joint

A

Type of Articulation: Condylar Joint

Movement: flexion/extension

53
Q

Atlanto-axial Joint

A

Type of Articulation: Pivot Joint

Movement: rotation

54
Q

Sacro-iliac Joint

A

Type of Articulation: Planar Joint

Movement: slight gliding movement

55
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A

Type of Articulation: Ball-and-Socket Joint
Movement: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, rotation
Coracohumeral ligament: originates at the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts in the head of the humerus. (strengthens the superior portion of the articular capsule and supports the weight of the upper limb)
Glenohumeral ligaments: attaches the glenoid cavity of scapula to the head of the humerus. (Because the joint capsule fibers are so loose, the anterior glenohumeral ligaments stabilize the joint only as the humerus approaches/exceeds normal motion.

56
Q

Talocrural Joint

A

Type of Articulation: Hinge Joint
Movement: Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
-articular surfaces of tibia and fibula attach to trochlea of talus
Lateral ligaments: attach lateral malleolus on fibula to tarsal bones
Deltoid ligament: attaches tibia to talus, calcaneus, and the navicular bones.

57
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

A

Type of Articulation: Planar Joint
Movement: slight gliding movement
Acromioclavicular ligament: binds the acromion to the clavicle, restricting clavicular movement at the acromial end. (dislocation is common)
Coracoacromial ligament: spans the gap between the coracoid process and the acromion. (provides additional support to the superior surface of the joint capsule.

58
Q

Proximal radio-ulnar Joint

A

Types of Articulations: Pivot Joint
Movement: rotation
the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna. the head of the radius stays in firmly attached to the ulna because of the annular ligament

59
Q

Distal radio-ulnar Joint

A 
Type of Articulation: Pivot Joint
Movement: pronation/supination 
Include the: 
-ulnar notch of radius
-radioulnar ligaments on anterior and posterior portions of the joint
60
Q

Radiocarpal Joint

A

Type of Articulation: Condylar
Movement: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction.
Palmar Radiocarpal ligament: connects the distal radius to the anterior surfaces of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum
Dorsal Radiocarpal ligament: connects the distal radius to the posterior surfaces of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum
Ulnar Collateral ligament: extends from the styloid process of the ulna to the medial surface of the triquetrum
Radial Collateral ligament: extends from the styloid process of the radius to the lateral surface of the scaphoid

General Anatomy (11 decks)

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