Ch. 3 - Connective Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
Connective Tissue general traits
A
- most abundant
- binds structures: structural framework of body (connects tendons/joints and such)
- supports skeletal system
- stores fat
- produces blood (bone marrow) *connective tissue
- repairs damage (repair themselves)
- a lot of matrix (space) between cells
- good blood supply (blood vessels)
2
Q
Major Connective Tissue cell types
A
RESIDENT CELLS (stay put): fibroblasts, histiocytes, adipocytes, mesenchymal, melanocytes WANDERING CELLS (not permanent residents): mast cells, leukocytes
3
Q
fibroblasts
A
- most common
- (fiber building)
- secrete protein into matrix to produce fibers
4
Q
histiocytes
A
-type of macrophage (defend tissue)
(white blood cell) *ingest and kill bacteria but cell stays put in one area of the body
5
Q
adipocytes
A
fat cells (lipid droplet that occupies most of cell and pushes nucleus and other organelles to one side)
6
Q
mesenchymal cells
A
can become any other connective tissue cell (help/repair/reproduce)
*stem cells
7
Q
melanocytes
A
produce melanin
8
Q
mast cells
A
secrete histamine (inflammatory response)
9
Q
leukocytes
A
white blood cells that move throughout the body
10
Q
Connective Tissue fibers (list)
A
collagenous fibers (dense CT, loose CT), elastic fibers, reticular fibers
11
Q
collagenous fibers
A
tendons/ligaments (white fibers)
- most abundant
- thick and thread like (DO NOT BRANCH)
- flexible but not elastic (bend but don’t stretch) *tensile strength
- parallel bundle alignment of collagen fibers allows them to withstand tremendous forces
12
Q
tendons
A
consist almost entirely of collagen fibers
-connect skeletal muscles to bones
13
Q
ligaments
A
connect bone to bone
14
Q
elastic fibers
A
- thin fibers (microfibrils embedded in elastin)
- BRANCHED
- very elastic (stretch don’t bend) *not very much strength
- found in airways subject to stretching (airways/vocal cords)
15
Q
reticular fibers
A
- thin but made of collagen (thinner than collagen fibers)
- HIGHLY BRANCHED
- form supportive network in tissues that can stabilize the relative positions of an organ’s cells, blood vessels, and nerves despite changing positions and the pull of gravity
- resist pull in many directions (surrounds and protects many organs)
16
Q
Types of Connective Tissue (list)
A
Areolar) CT, Adipose Tissue, Reticular CT, Dense CT (dense regular/irregular/elastic)
17
Q
Areolar CT (loose CT)
A
- acts as packing material wherever there is open space or gaps (areolar=air/space)
- a lot of space(matrix) between fibers/mast cells
- made of fibroblasts that are separated by gel-like matrix
- contains many blood vessels (source of nutrients for epithelial)
function: cushions organs, provides support but permits independent movement, phagocytic cells defend against pathogens
location: deep to the dermis of the skin. covered by the epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts. between muscles and around joints
18
Q
Adipose Tissue (loose CT)
A
FAT
- adipocytes within loose CT (starts out as loose/areolar tissue then fills with adipocytes)
- stores fat as droplets in cytoplasm
location: deep in the skin (hypodermis), between muscles, around kidneys, abdominal membrane, around heart *padding around eyes and breasts
function: cushion, insulate *cells have a hard time metabolizing adipose which is why it is hard to get rid of
19
Q
Reticular CT (loose CT)
A
thin collagenous fibers that make up a 3-D webbing network (reticular fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages)
- supporting tissue in walls of organ
location: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
function: provides supporting framework
20
Q
Loose CT
A
more loose fibers and less fibers
21
Q
Dense CT
A
large amounts of collagenous fibers (mainly fibroblasts and collagen proteins)
22
Q
Dense regular (dense CT)
A
many fibers densely packed (parallel, not much open space)
- flexible (strong) *strength in one direction but no stretch or give
- ordered pattern
function: provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction between muscles, stabilizes bone position
location: tendons/ligaments
23
Q
Dense irregular (dense CT)
A
same as dense regular except no ordered pattern
- will give strength in many directions (reinforces structures that receive stress from many directions)
location: capsules of internal organs, nerve and muscle sheaths, dermis, periosteum, and perichondria
function: provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions, helps prevent overexpansion of organs such as the urinary bladder
24
Q
periosteum
A
covers all bone surfaces except at joints, where bones come together
25
perichondria
connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint (blood vessels found here) *sets apart cartilage from other tissues
-outer layer of cartilage (helps repair and nourish cartilage)
26
Elastic CT (dense CT)
made of elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks
location: between vertebrae of spinal column, ligaments supporting transitional epithelia, in blood vessel walls
function: stabilizes positions of vertebrae, cushions shock, permits expansion and contraction of organs
27
Blood (fluid CT)
matrix is liquid not gel
- includes RBC, WBC (leukocytes), platelets *these float in matrix
- made by hematopoietic tissue in red marrow (stem cells)
28
plasma
watery matrix of blood
29
red blood cells
responsible for the transport of oxygen/carbon dioxide in the blood
30
white blood cells (leukocytes)
help defend the body from infection and disease
31
platelets
function in clotting response that seals leaks in damaged or broken blood vessels
32
Lymph (fluid CT)
matrix is lymph fluid (more gel like *viscous)
- formed when interstitial fluid enters lymph vessels
- consists of lymphocytes and WBC that float in matrix (help fight infection)
33
Supporting CT
more solid matrix
| -cartilage, bones
34
Cartilage (supporting CT)
function: support, framework and attachment site, protection, framework for developing bones
composition: collagenous fibers embedded in gel-like matrix *chondrocytes and perichondrium
- doesn't heal well because not a lot of blood vessels/supply *avascular
- allows the bones to glide over each other with very little friction
35
chondrocytes
cartilage cells in lacunae
36
lacunae
hollowed-out place or a cavity within a bone (surrounds each individual cell)
37
Types of Cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
38
Hyaline Cartilage
(most common)
- closely packed collagenous fibers in matrix
- cartilage is slippery allowing good movement with bones/joints
- weakest type of cartilage
location: ends of bones
function: growth/repair of bones, reduces friction between bony surfaces
ex. supporting cartilages along the conducting passageways of the respiratory tract, covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
39
Elastic Cartilage
matrix is a dense network of elastic fibers
location: back of ear, epiglottis, ear canal, parts of larynx
function: provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape
40
Fibrocartilage
matrix contains large collagenous fibers
- shock absorber (strongest type)
location: pads within knee joint, between pubic bones of pelvis, intervertebral discs
function: resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, limits relative movement
41
Bone (osseous tissue)
most rigid due to salts in matrix plus large amounts of collagen
- most of bone is matrix
function: internal support, protection, attachment for muscles, makes blood and stores salts
* bone heals faster than cartilage because bones have blood vessels
42
Bone composition
lamellae, osteocytes, osteon, osteonic canal/central canal, canaliculi
43
lamellae
concentric rings around longitudinal tubes (where bone matrix is deposited) *individual ring inside each osteon
44
osteocytes
bone cells found in lacunae, evenly spaced (mostly made of matrix *osteocytes are far between each other)
45
canaliculi
cytoplasmic projections extending into matrix that allow osteocytes to communicate with blood vessels running through the osteonic canal
46
osteon
(all of lamellae)
- blood vessels run through the center of the osteon (osteonic canal)
* osteocytes + intercellular material around osteonic canal
47
central osteonic canal
contains blood vessels (artery/veins/nerves)
48
CT framework of body (list)
superficial fascia, deep fascia, subserous fascia
49
Superficial fascia
insulation and padding
- areolar/adipose tissue (hypodermis)
- between skin and underlying organs
- areolar tissue and adipose tissue
- also known as subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
50
Deep fascia
collagenous tissue, connects to coverings of organs and muscle (bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments
- forms a strong, fibrous internal framework
- dense connective tissue
- bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments
51
Subserous fascia
loose CT between deep and serous membrane (areolar CT)
| -connects serous membrane to deep fascia
