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General Anatomy > Ch. 4 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

SKIN
made up of:
-epidermis
-dermis (papillary layer and reticular layer)

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2
Q

Functions of Integumentary System

A

protects deeper tissues (epidermis and hypodermis) from:

  • mechanical damage
  • chemical damage
  • bacterial damage
  • thermal damage
  • UV radiation
  • dehydration and dry skin (sensitive to losing water)
  • aids in heat regulation (flow of warm blood turns skin red when cold)
  • excretion of urea and uric acid
  • synthesis of Vitamin D
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3
Q

Epidermis (characteristics)

A

lacks BV’s

  • as new cells divide at basal surface they push older cells up then they are filled with keratin and die
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • protects dermis from trauma
  • sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, temp.
  • synthesizes vitamin D3
  • controls permeability
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4
Q

Epidermal Cell Types

A 
keratinocytes  
melanocytes 
Langerhan cells  
Merkel cells (touch receptors)
-in deepest layers
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5
Q

keratinocytes

A

90% of epidermis (further away from dermis, more keratin in cells for protection)

  • produce keratin
  • contain bundles of protein fibers (protect and make cells tough)
  • don’t carry out reactions
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6
Q

melanocytes

A

8% of epidermis. produce melanin (protects against UV by sheltering dividing cells on basal surface with pigment)

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7
Q

Langerhan cells

A

(most common in superficial portion of the stratum spinosum)
-initiate immune response against pathogens that have
penetrated the superficial layers of the epidermis

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8
Q

Merkel Cells

A

(touch receptors)

-in deepest layers

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9
Q

Layers of Epidermis

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum,

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10
Q

stratum basale/germinativum (epidermis)

A

(bottom/growing) *where cell division occurs

  • deepest
  • single layer cuboidal/columnar cells
  • contain merkel cells/stem cells
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11
Q

stratum spinosum (epidermis)

A

8-10 cell layers thick

  • developing fibers of keratin
  • melanin taken into cells by phagocytes
  • little mitosis
  • bottom of layer is healthy and dividing but going up into the layer mitosis decreases
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12
Q

stratum granulosum (epidermis)

A

3-5 layers flattened cells

  • no mitosis (cell division) occurring *cells dying
  • lamellar granules (found in keratinocytes) release lipids (repel water due to lipids)
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13
Q

stratum lucidum (epidermis)

A

protective layer

  • only in thick skin
  • no organelles
  • few layers of dead squamous cells
  • densely packed with keratin
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14
Q

stratum corneum (epidermis)

A

25-30 layers of dead squamous cells filled with keratin (membrane filled with keratin)

  • cells shed in large sheets due to (linked fibers)
  • barrier to light, heat, water, chem, and bacteria
  • friction stimulates callus for protection
  • TOP LAYER
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15
Q

Keratinization and epidermal growth (epidermis)

A

stem cells on basal surface divide into keratinocytes

  • keratinocytes pushed up toward surface as new ones are made
  • takes 2 weeks for keratinocytes to move from basal surface to s. corneum then two weeks for cells to shed when s. corneum is reached
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16
Q

skin thickness (epidermis)

A

palmer and plantar surfaces

  • about 30 layers of s. corneum
  • all 5 layers present
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17
Q

thin skin (epidermis)

A

rest of body

  • few layers of s. corneum
  • no s. lucidum
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18
Q

epidermal ridges (epidermis)

A

s. germinativum forms ridges that extend into dermis
- interlock with dermal papillae
- form fingerprint patterns
- increases surface area, grip, and sensitivity

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19
Q

Skin Color (epithelium)

A

melanin

  • produced by melanocytes in response to melanin stimulating hormone
  • all have same number of melanocytes (amount of melanin produced varies)
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20
Q

Structural basis of skin color (epithelium)

A

melanin produced in epithelium by melanocytes (melanocytes convert tyrosine into melanin)

clinical observations:

  1. freckles/liver spots - patch of melanocytes clustered together
  2. nevus/mole - overgrowth of melanocytes
  3. albinism - no pigment (no tyrosine)
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21
Q

Dermis

A

2 layers:

  • papillary
  • reticular
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22
Q

Papillary layer (dermis)

A

upper layer of dermis

  • more matrix less fibers
  • contains capillaries, neurons, dermal papillae (nourishes hair follicles and epidermis)
  • nourishes and supports epidermis
  • made up of areolar CT
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23
Q

Reticular layer (dermis)

A

larger, lower portion of dermis
-more fibers less matrix
-anchoring layer
-dense irregular CT (collagen/elastic)
-larger vessels, nerves, adipocytes, arrector pili muscle (hair follicles)
function:
-attaches skin to deeper tissues
-sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, vibration, and temperature
-restricts spread of pathogens penetrating in epidermis

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24
Q

cutaneous plexus

A

network of arteries/veins supplying the skin

-in subcutaneous layer along reticular boundary

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25
Q

papillary plexus

A

follows epidermal/dermal boundary (smaller vessels/capillaries)
-nourish epithelium

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26
Q

Stretch marks

A

weight gain causes fibers to stretch to a point where they lose elasticity and break (when elastic fibers break there is no more recoil)
forms due to:
-decrease in fiber elasticity
-tearing of fibers

27
Q

cleavage lines

A

majority of CT fibers are arranged in parallel bundles
this is significant because:
-if one cuts parallel to lines then there is minimal scarring and the cut heals faster
-if one cuts perpendicular to lines then the elastic fibers open and the cut heals slower/scars because torn elastic fibers are trying to be held together

28
Q

Hypodermis

A

also known as superficial fascia

  • made up of mainly adipose CT but also areolar CT
  • increase in adipose found in this layer of skin
  • contains collagenous/elastic fibers
  • no distinct boundary between dermis and hypodermis (meshes into each other)
  • contains major BV’s and nerves
29
Q

Hair (features and types)

A

located on body surfaces except: plantar/palmar surface and lips
-hair number fixed at birth
3 hair types:
-vellus=peach fuzz
-terminal=thicker with dark pigment (head/eyebrows/beard)
-intermediate=arms (in between soft and thick)

30
Q

Hair (structure)

A
  • exposed hair shaft (projects above surface and visible)
  • root (below skin and into dermis)
  • bulb (base of hair follicle *blood vessels nourish bulb) cell division occurs here ONLY (only cells that are alive)
  • hair is mainly dead cells
31
Q

Hair Accessory structures

A

cuticle- outer portion of hair shaft. made up of dead cells and gives the hair shaft strength and protection (made of keratin and thin but tough)
cortex- middle layer between the cuticle and medulla
this layer is the thickest and gives the shaft structure and contains pigment so gives hair its color/texture
medulla- this small center portion of the hair follicle is made of soft flexible keratin

32
Q

Hair follicle

A

base of follicle is hair bulb

-internal root shaft, external root shaft, glassy membrane, CT sheath

33
Q

internal root shaft

A

this layer surrounds the hair root and the deeper portion of the shaft (just outside of the cuticle)
-the cells of this sheath disintegrate quickly, therefore this layer typically ends where the sebaceous gland attaches to the follicle

34
Q

external root sheath

A

this layer extends from the skin surface to the hair matrix (at bottom of bulb where papilla reside)

35
Q

glassy membrane

A

this is a thickened basal lamina, wrapped in dense CT

36
Q

Function of Hair

A

protection, reduce heat loss, sensing touch (nerve association), secretion (sebaceous glands attached to follicles)

37
Q

root hair plexus

A

sensory nerves surrounding hair follicle that are attached to the CT sheath and detect movement

38
Q

arrector pili

A

smooth muscle that contracts/relaxes to make hairs stand up or lay fat *also plays role in goose bumps

39
Q

Skin color

A

melanin

  • produced by melanocytes in response to melanin stimulating hormones (MSH)
  • we all have same number of melanocytes but the amount of melanin produced varies
40
Q

Clinical observations (skin)

A

freckles/livers - patch of melanocytes clustered together
nevus/mole - overgrowth of melanocytes
albinism - no pigment (no tyrosine)

melanocytes convert tyrosine to melanin

41
Q

Dermis

A

2 layers

  • papillary
  • reticular
42
Q

Papillary layer (dermis)

A

upper layer of dermis (smaller than reticular)
-made up of areolar CT *contains capillaries, neurons, dermal papillae (dermal papillae is layer near epidermis that nourishes epithelium)

43
Q

Reticular Layer (dermis)

A

lower layer of dermis that borders the hypodermis (superficial fascia) *larger of the two dermal sections
-dense irregular CT (larger BV’s, nerves, some adipocytes more in hypodermis, and the arrector pilli musle (which means lower areas of hair follicles located here)

44
Q

cutaneous plexus

A

network of arteries/veins supplying the dermis and eventually epidermis
-found in the subcutaneous layer along the reticular layer boundary

45
Q

papillary plexus

A

this is a smaller network of vessels/capillaries that nourish the epithelium (arteries/veins from cutaneous plexus have capillaries that run from the reticular layer up to the subpapillary plexus then to the dermal papillae)
-follows epidermal/dermal boundary area

46
Q

Nails

A 
protective covering on ends of fingers and toes
made up of:
-nail body
-nail bed
-nail root
-lunula
47
Q

nail body

A

keratinized, plate-like epithelial

48
Q

nail bed

A

surface of skin covered by nail body

49
Q

nail root

A

source of nail production/cell division (under the skin)

50
Q

lunula

A

whitish base of nail body that signifies healthy nail growth

51
Q

Skin infections

A

athletes foot, boils/carbuncles, cold sores, contact dermatitis, xerosis, psoriasis

52
Q

athletes foot

A

fungal infection

53
Q

boils/carbuncles

A

bacterial infection

54
Q

cold sores

A

viral infection

55
Q

contact dermatitis

A

allergic reaction to chemical irritation (poison ivy/oak)

56
Q

xerosis

A

very dry skin all over

-common in elderly people and those who live in arid climates

57
Q

psoriasis

A

due to rapid stem cell division (patches of dry skin) *confined to a specific area
-stem cells in the stratum basale are unusually active causing hyperkeratosis in specific areas. Keratinization is abnormal and typically incomplete by the time the outer layers are shed.

58
Q

Burns

A

tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation or chemicals
associated dangers with burns:
-dehydration
-electrolyte imbalance
-circulatory shock
burns are critical if: over 25% of body has 2nd degree and if over 10% of body has 3rd degree

59
Q

Burn types

A

1st degree- only epidermis damaged (common sunburn)
2nd degree- epidermis and upper dermis (papillary layer) damaged *blisters formed (saturated epidermis/peeling)
3rd degree- destroys entire dermal layer

60
Q

Skin Cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanomas

61
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A
  • most common
  • malignant originating in stratum basal (can spread quickly)
  • appear in areas subject to chronic UV exposure
62
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

arises from stratum spinosum

-these are less common, usually restricted to areas of sun-exposed skin

63
Q

malignant melanomas

A

overproduction of melanocytes
-most deadly skin cancer
-spread quickly through lymph and blood
A= asymmetry-2 sides of mole don’t match
B= border irregularity- borders not smooth
C= color- different colors in pigment area

64
Q

Effects of aging

A

Characteristic changes in skin during aging:

  • less hair
  • reduced blood supply
  • dermis tends to thin
  • drying of epidermis
  • fewer melanocytes (pale looking skin in old people)

General Anatomy (11 decks)

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