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General Anatomy > Ch. 4 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

SKIN
made up of:
-epidermis
-dermis (papillary layer and reticular layer)

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2
Q

Functions of Integumentary System

A

protects deeper tissues (epidermis and hypodermis) from:

  • mechanical damage
  • chemical damage
  • bacterial damage
  • thermal damage
  • UV radiation
  • dehydration and dry skin (sensitive to losing water)
  • aids in heat regulation (flow of warm blood turns skin red when cold)
  • excretion of urea and uric acid
  • synthesis of Vitamin D
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3
Q

Epidermis (characteristics)

A

lacks BV’s

  • as new cells divide at basal surface they push older cells up then they are filled with keratin and die
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • protects dermis from trauma
  • sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, temp.
  • synthesizes vitamin D3
  • controls permeability
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4
Q

Epidermal Cell Types

A 
keratinocytes  
melanocytes 
Langerhan cells  
Merkel cells (touch receptors)
-in deepest layers
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5
Q

keratinocytes

A

90% of epidermis (further away from dermis, more keratin in cells for protection)

  • produce keratin
  • contain bundles of protein fibers (protect and make cells tough)
  • don’t carry out reactions
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6
Q

melanocytes

A

8% of epidermis. produce melanin (protects against UV by sheltering dividing cells on basal surface with pigment)

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7
Q

Langerhan cells

A

(most common in superficial portion of the stratum spinosum)
-initiate immune response against pathogens that have
penetrated the superficial layers of the epidermis

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8
Q

Merkel Cells

A

(touch receptors)

-in deepest layers

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9
Q

Layers of Epidermis

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum,

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10
Q

stratum basale/germinativum (epidermis)

A

(bottom/growing) *where cell division occurs

  • deepest
  • single layer cuboidal/columnar cells
  • contain merkel cells/stem cells
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11
Q

stratum spinosum (epidermis)

A

8-10 cell layers thick

  • developing fibers of keratin
  • melanin taken into cells by phagocytes
  • little mitosis
  • bottom of layer is healthy and dividing but going up into the layer mitosis decreases
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12
Q

stratum granulosum (epidermis)

A

3-5 layers flattened cells

  • no mitosis (cell division) occurring *cells dying
  • lamellar granules (found in keratinocytes) release lipids (repel water due to lipids)
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13
Q

stratum lucidum (epidermis)

A

protective layer

  • only in thick skin
  • no organelles
  • few layers of dead squamous cells
  • densely packed with keratin
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14
Q

stratum corneum (epidermis)

A

25-30 layers of dead squamous cells filled with keratin (membrane filled with keratin)

  • cells shed in large sheets due to (linked fibers)
  • barrier to light, heat, water, chem, and bacteria
  • friction stimulates callus for protection
  • TOP LAYER
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15
Q

Keratinization and epidermal growth (epidermis)

A

stem cells on basal surface divide into keratinocytes

  • keratinocytes pushed up toward surface as new ones are made
  • takes 2 weeks for keratinocytes to move from basal surface to s. corneum then two weeks for cells to shed when s. corneum is reached
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16
Q

skin thickness (epidermis)

A

palmer and plantar surfaces

  • about 30 layers of s. corneum
  • all 5 layers present
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17
Q

thin skin (epidermis)

A

rest of body

  • few layers of s. corneum
  • no s. lucidum
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18
Q

epidermal ridges (epidermis)

A

s. germinativum forms ridges that extend into dermis
- interlock with dermal papillae
- form fingerprint patterns
- increases surface area, grip, and sensitivity

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19
Q

Skin Color (epithelium)

A

melanin

  • produced by melanocytes in response to melanin stimulating hormone
  • all have same number of melanocytes (amount of melanin produced varies)
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20
Q

Structural basis of skin color (epithelium)

A

melanin produced in epithelium by melanocytes (melanocytes convert tyrosine into melanin)

clinical observations:

  1. freckles/liver spots - patch of melanocytes clustered together
  2. nevus/mole - overgrowth of melanocytes
  3. albinism - no pigment (no tyrosine)
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21
Q

Dermis

A

2 layers:

  • papillary
  • reticular
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22
Q

Papillary layer (dermis)

A

upper layer of dermis

  • more matrix less fibers
  • contains capillaries, neurons, dermal papillae (nourishes hair follicles and epidermis)
  • nourishes and supports epidermis
  • made up of areolar CT
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23
Q

Reticular layer (dermis)

A

larger, lower portion of dermis
-more fibers less matrix
-anchoring layer
-dense irregular CT (collagen/elastic)
-larger vessels, nerves, adipocytes, arrector pili muscle (hair follicles)
function:
-attaches skin to deeper tissues
-sensory receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, vibration, and temperature
-restricts spread of pathogens penetrating in epidermis

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24
Q

cutaneous plexus

A

network of arteries/veins supplying the skin

-in subcutaneous layer along reticular boundary

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25
papillary plexus
follows epidermal/dermal boundary (smaller vessels/capillaries) -nourish epithelium
26
Stretch marks
weight gain causes fibers to stretch to a point where they lose elasticity and break (when elastic fibers break there is no more recoil) forms due to: -decrease in fiber elasticity -tearing of fibers
27
cleavage lines
majority of CT fibers are arranged in parallel bundles this is significant because: -if one cuts parallel to lines then there is minimal scarring and the cut heals faster -if one cuts perpendicular to lines then the elastic fibers open and the cut heals slower/scars because torn elastic fibers are trying to be held together
28
Hypodermis
also known as superficial fascia - made up of mainly adipose CT but also areolar CT - increase in adipose found in this layer of skin - contains collagenous/elastic fibers - no distinct boundary between dermis and hypodermis (meshes into each other) - contains major BV's and nerves
29
Hair (features and types)
located on body surfaces except: plantar/palmar surface and lips -hair number fixed at birth 3 hair types: -vellus=peach fuzz -terminal=thicker with dark pigment (head/eyebrows/beard) -intermediate=arms (in between soft and thick)
30
Hair (structure)
- exposed hair shaft (projects above surface and visible) - root (below skin and into dermis) - bulb (base of hair follicle *blood vessels nourish bulb) cell division occurs here ONLY (only cells that are alive) - hair is mainly dead cells
31
Hair Accessory structures
cuticle- outer portion of hair shaft. made up of dead cells and gives the hair shaft strength and protection (made of keratin and thin but tough) cortex- middle layer between the cuticle and medulla this layer is the thickest and gives the shaft structure and contains pigment so gives hair its color/texture medulla- this small center portion of the hair follicle is made of soft flexible keratin
32
Hair follicle
base of follicle is hair bulb | -internal root shaft, external root shaft, glassy membrane, CT sheath
33
internal root shaft
this layer surrounds the hair root and the deeper portion of the shaft (just outside of the cuticle) -the cells of this sheath disintegrate quickly, therefore this layer typically ends where the sebaceous gland attaches to the follicle
34
external root sheath
this layer extends from the skin surface to the hair matrix (at bottom of bulb where papilla reside)
35
glassy membrane
this is a thickened basal lamina, wrapped in dense CT
36
Function of Hair
protection, reduce heat loss, sensing touch (nerve association), secretion (sebaceous glands attached to follicles)
37
root hair plexus
sensory nerves surrounding hair follicle that are attached to the CT sheath and detect movement
38
arrector pili
smooth muscle that contracts/relaxes to make hairs stand up or lay fat *also plays role in goose bumps
39
Skin color
melanin - produced by melanocytes in response to melanin stimulating hormones (MSH) - we all have same number of melanocytes but the amount of melanin produced varies
40
Clinical observations (skin)
freckles/livers - patch of melanocytes clustered together nevus/mole - overgrowth of melanocytes albinism - no pigment (no tyrosine) melanocytes convert tyrosine to melanin
41
Dermis
2 layers - papillary - reticular
42
Papillary layer (dermis)
upper layer of dermis (smaller than reticular) -made up of areolar CT *contains capillaries, neurons, dermal papillae (dermal papillae is layer near epidermis that nourishes epithelium)
43
Reticular Layer (dermis)
lower layer of dermis that borders the hypodermis (superficial fascia) *larger of the two dermal sections -dense irregular CT (larger BV's, nerves, some adipocytes *more in hypodermis*, and the arrector pilli musle (which means lower areas of hair follicles located here)
44
cutaneous plexus
network of arteries/veins supplying the dermis and eventually epidermis -found in the subcutaneous layer along the reticular layer boundary
45
papillary plexus
this is a smaller network of vessels/capillaries that nourish the epithelium (arteries/veins from cutaneous plexus have capillaries that run from the reticular layer up to the subpapillary plexus then to the dermal papillae) -follows epidermal/dermal boundary area
46
Nails
``` protective covering on ends of fingers and toes made up of: -nail body -nail bed -nail root -lunula ```
47
nail body
keratinized, plate-like epithelial
48
nail bed
surface of skin covered by nail body
49
nail root
source of nail production/cell division (under the skin)
50
lunula
whitish base of nail body that signifies healthy nail growth
51
Skin infections
athletes foot, boils/carbuncles, cold sores, contact dermatitis, xerosis, psoriasis
52
athletes foot
fungal infection
53
boils/carbuncles
bacterial infection
54
cold sores
viral infection
55
contact dermatitis
allergic reaction to chemical irritation (poison ivy/oak)
56
xerosis
very dry skin all over | -common in elderly people and those who live in arid climates
57
psoriasis
due to rapid stem cell division (patches of dry skin) *confined to a specific area -stem cells in the stratum basale are unusually active causing hyperkeratosis in specific areas. Keratinization is abnormal and typically incomplete by the time the outer layers are shed.
58
Burns
tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation or chemicals associated dangers with burns: -dehydration -electrolyte imbalance -circulatory shock burns are critical if: over 25% of body has 2nd degree and if over 10% of body has 3rd degree
59
Burn types
1st degree- only epidermis damaged (common sunburn) 2nd degree- epidermis and upper dermis (papillary layer) damaged *blisters formed (saturated epidermis/peeling) 3rd degree- destroys entire dermal layer
60
Skin Cancer
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanomas
61
basal cell carcinoma
- most common - malignant originating in stratum basal (can spread quickly) - appear in areas subject to chronic UV exposure
62
squamous cell carcinoma
arises from stratum spinosum | -these are less common, usually restricted to areas of sun-exposed skin
63
malignant melanomas
overproduction of melanocytes -most deadly skin cancer -spread quickly through lymph and blood A= asymmetry-2 sides of mole don't match B= border irregularity- borders not smooth C= color- different colors in pigment area
64
Effects of aging
Characteristic changes in skin during aging: - less hair - reduced blood supply - dermis tends to thin - drying of epidermis - fewer melanocytes (pale looking skin in old people)

General Anatomy (11 decks)

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