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General Anatomy > Ch. 5 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Growth of Cartilage

A

Appositional growth, interstitial growth

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2
Q

Appositional growth (of cartilage)

A

growth at apical surface

  • starts in perichondrium
  • mesenchymal cells at periphery form inner layer of perichondrium (stem cells in top of cartilage)
  • chondrogenic cells aggregate and become chondroblasts
  • chondroblasts secrete matrix=forces cells apart (forms lacunae)
  • chondrocytes become enclosed in matrix (more matrix thickens cartilage)
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3
Q

Interstitial growth (of cartilage)

A

growth within cartilage

  • chondrocytes divide within lacunae (mature cells can divide deep within cartilage and add more matrix)
  • daughter cells secrete matrix
  • cells move apart, expanding cartilage from within
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4
Q

Osseous Tissue (parts)

A

Anatomy of a long bone:

  1. Diaphysis- shaft
  2. Epiphysis- ends of a long bone (area forms a joint)
  3. Metaphysis- growth plate region
  4. Articular Cartilage- over joint surfaces (acts as friction/shock absorber) *usually hyaline
  5. Medullary Cavity- marrow cavity
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5
Q

General Facts of Osseous Tissue

A

has supportive CT

  • contains specialized cells
  • has solid extracellular matrix (made of protein fibers and ground substance with Ca salts. small amount is water)
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6
Q

Bone Histology

A

Cells: about 2% of bone mass

osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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7
Q

osteoprogenitor

A

undifferentiated, mesenchymal cells (can become any other bone cell)
-mitotic (can divide and repair), become osteoblasts
play role in fracture repair
*found in innermost layer of periosteum and the endosteum lining the medullary cavity

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8
Q

osteoblasts

A

cannot divide

  • secrete osteoid that helps build matrix (helps repair and make bone stronger)
  • found on outer surfaces of bone
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9
Q

osteocytes

A

mature cells in lacunae

  • most common
  • don’t divide
  • maintain Ca and phosphate balance
  • nourish bone
  • find in osteons in bone matrix
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10
Q

osteoclasts

A

large, multinucleated

  • involved in osteolysis (breaking down bone)
  • eat own bone if body is calcium deficient
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11
Q

bone matrix

A 
98% of bone mass
inorganic materials: (no carbon)
-hydroxyapatite
-Ca salts (brittle salts)
-ions=Na, K, Mg
organic: (carbon)
-collagen (flexible/strong)
-glycoproteins
-proteoglycans
-osteoid area of bone
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12
Q

Types of bones

A

compact-dense bone arranged in osteons

spongy-some matrix but not as dense

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13
Q

Compact bone: organization

A

osteon

  • lamellae
  • osteocytes in lacunae
  • canaliculi
  • central osteonic canal (BV’s)
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14
Q

perforating canals (compact bone)

A

Blood vessels deeper in bone tissue that connect osteonic canals to other osteonic canals

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15
Q

interstitial lamellae (compact bone)

A

between osteons

-areas of matrix that do not have blood vessels or central osteonic canals anymore *old osteons

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16
Q

outer circumferential lamellae (compact bone)

A

anchors periosteum to bone (ring of matrix between osteons and osteoid)

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17
Q

Spongy Bone

A

-no osteons
have trabeculae:
-branching networks of bone tissue
-supported by reticular CT and have osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. No central canal because blood supply present
-spaces filled with red marrow (blood development)
-in ends of long bones and inside flat bones
-lightens weight of bone
-can grow and change shape and direction in order to provide support

18
Q

Bone Membranes

A

periosteum, endosteum

19
Q

Periosteum

A

anchors bone (CT that surrounds bone)

  • contains osetoprogenitor cells that become osteoblasts
    absent:
  • at site of bone attachment
  • anywhere there is articular cartilage
  • tendons/muscles/ligament site

layers: outer fibrous layer (produce collagen fibers)
inner osteogenic layer that grows new bone cells and maintenance

20
Q

Bone Marrow

A
  1. yellow marrow (energy storage)
    - reticular network filled with adipose CT *mostly adipose/high adipose concentration
    - in medullary cavity of long bones
  2. red marrow
    - areolar CT (produces blood cells and gets its red color from hemoglobin)
    located: medullary cavities of infants and spongy bone in adults
21
Q

Osteogenesis

A

bone development

22
Q

ossification

A

replacing CT with bone

types:
1. intramembranous- mesenchymal cells to spongy bone
2. endochondral- hyaline cartilage to spongy bone

23
Q

Intramembranous Ossification (General)

A
  • starts at 8 weeks in embryo development
  • usually finished by week 15
    forms: cranial, facial, dentary, clavicle, sesmoid bones (embedded in tendon)
24
Q

Intramembranous Ossification (Process)

A
  1. mesenchymal cells in CT differentiate into osteoblasts.
  2. These osteoblasts begin making the osteoid bone matrix
  3. Some osteoblasts become isolated and become osteocytes (cells of inner periosteum form compact bone). Bone matrix surrounds BV’s.
  4. Spongy bone is created on the inner portion where the bone matrix surrounded BV’s and the result is spongy bone covered in a thin layer of compact bone (BV’s in spongy bone important for waste transfer in these early developmental stages)
    * forms ribs/scapula/pelvis/skull
25
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage forms a framework for the future bone
  2. As cartilage enlarges, chondrocytes near the center of the cartilage increase greatly in size and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify.
  3. deprived of nutrients, these chondrocytes die and disintegrate leaving behind cavities within the cartilage
  4. Blood vessels penetrate the perichondrium and the cells of the perichondrium begin differentiating into osteoblasts. The perichondrium has now become a periosteum, an the osteogeneic layer begins to produce matrix and a bone collar forms (thin layer of compact bone around shaft of cartilage)
  5. As blood supply increases to the periosteum, capillaries move into the center of the cartilage and osteoblasts move into the spaces left by the disintegrated chondrocytes. the calcified matrix is then replaced with spongy bone. This primary ossification center then develops bone width towards both ends of the cartilaginous model.
  6. As the entire shaft is filled with spongy bone, osteoclasts erode the central portion and create a medullary cavity. The bone of the shaft becomes thicker, and osteoblasts move to the metaphysis.
  7. Capillaries and osteoblasts move into the center of the epiphysis, creating secondary ossification centers.
  8. The epiphysis eventually become filled with spongy bone. the epiphysis and diaphysis are now separated by a narrow epiphyseal cartilage (epiphyseal plate). At the epiphyseal growth plate, chondrocytes at the epiphyseal side of the cartilage continue to divide and enlarge, while chondrocytes degenerate at the diaphyseal side. Osteoblasts migrate upward from the diaphysis and the degenerating cartilage is replaced by bone (osteoblasts/matrix)
    * at maturity of bone growth, cartilage growth at the epiphyseal plate stops while osteoblast activity increases until epiphyseal cartilage disappears
26
Q

Bone Growth

A 
bone elongation- epiphyseal plate continues spongy bone growth while articular plate continues cartilage growth 
a) occurs at epiphyseal plate:
interstitial chondrogenesis (IC)- new cartilage
endochondral ossification (EO)- new spongy bone 
b) relative thickness of epiphyseal plate does not change until growth is almost complete then IC decreases and EO increases
27
Q

Appositional Thickening

A

bone thickens as compact bone is deposited between the periosteum and medullary cavity of spongy bone in the center

28
Q

Blood and nerve supply to bone

A
  1. periosteal arteries- supply periosteum
  2. nutrient arteries- enter through nutrient foramen (supplies diaphysis/red marrow)
  3. metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries
29
Q

nutrient foramen

A

openings for the entrance of blood vessels in the shaft of long bones

30
Q

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

A
  • any trauma to CT tissue forms bone
  • ossification leads to freezing of joints
  • no treatments
31
Q

Osteoporosis

A

result of too little mineralization of bones
Reasons:
a) loss of estrogen at menopause
b) deficiency of minerals in youth
c) imbalance of activity between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

32
Q

Types of Bones

A

long bone- length longer than width
flat bone- flat and think compact bone
sesamoid bone- small bones in tendons
irregular bones- vertebrae/small carpal or tarsal bones
short bones- provide support and stability with little to no movement

33
Q

Fractures (types)

A

closed (simple) - break that doesn’t penetrate skin

open (compound) - bone penetrates through skin

34
Q

Fracture treatment

A

realignment of bones and immobilization

35
Q

Fracture repair process (internal)

A
  1. blood escapes from damaged vessels and forms hematoma *blood mass in fracture site
  2. soft callus made of fibrocartilage replaces hematoma
  3. a bony callus made by osteoblasts replaces fibrocartilage (spongy bone)
  4. Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue and restore bone to original shape
36
Q

Fracture Repair in Detail (4 parts)

A

a) Hematoma Formation
b) Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
c) bony callus formation
d) bone remodeling

37
Q

Hematoma Formation

A
  • forms within hours of injury
  • mass of blood
  • swelling and inflammation
  • phagocytes and osteoclasts
38
Q

Fibrocartilaginous (soft) Callus formation

A
  • consists of a mass bridging broken ends
  • fibroblasts in periosteum produce collagen
  • periosteum cells differentiate into chondrocytes
  • becomes fibrocartilage
39
Q

Bony callus formation

A
  • occurs as fibrocartilage callus converting to spongy bone

- last 3-4 months

40
Q

Bone remodeling

A

remaining dead bone fragments broken down by osteoclasts

  • compact bone replaces spongy bone
  • can take weeks to months
41
Q

Factors affecting growth, repair, and development

A

1) Nutrition:
vitamin D necessary for proper absorption of Ca
vitamin D deficient- matrix is deficient in Ca
2) Sunlight
-UV light converts dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D
3) Hormones
a) parathyroid hormone - stimulates osteoclasts (mainly) and osteoblasts *gets calcium from breaking bones down if deficient
-increases Ca absorption in intestines and decreases loss in urine
b) calcitonin - inhibits osteoclasts (increases Ca loss in urine)
c) growth hormone - stimulates reproduction of cartilage cells in epiphyseal disk
d) thyroid hormone - stimulates bone growth (increase conversion of cartilage to bone)
-too much can lead to premature ossification
e) sex hormones - stimulates ossification at puberty
4) Physical Stress- stimulates bone growth
-thickening of bone tissue where muscles attach in athletes

General Anatomy (11 decks)

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