Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 101 > Ch. 8 > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards Physics 101 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

Cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

A

Concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A mental image or best example of a category

A

Prototype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees you will solve a particular problem

A

Algorithm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A simple thinking strategy that often allows you to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

A

Heuristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

A

Insight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A tendency to search for information that supports your preconceptions and to ignore or distort evidence that contradicts them

A

Confirmation bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In thinking, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving

A

Fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

A

Intuition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Judging the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory; if an event comes readily to mind, we assume it must be common

A

Availability heuristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

A

Overconfidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinging to beliefs even after evidence has proven them wrong

A

Belief perseverance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The way an issue is posed; this can significantly affect decisions and judgments

A

Framing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas

A

Creativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Narrowing the available solutions to determine the single best solution to a problem

A

Convergent thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem; creative thinking that branches out in different directions

A

Divergent thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Our spoken, written, or signed words, and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

A

Language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds, many at first unrelated to the household language

A

Babbling stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

A

One-word stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word sentences

A

Two-word stage

21
Q

Early speech stage in which a child speaks in compressed sentences, like a telegram - “want milk” or “Daddy go store” - using mostly nouns and verbs

A

Telegraphic speech

22
Q

In a specific language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with nd understand others

A

Grammar

23
Q

Controls language expression; an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

A

Broca’s area

24
Q

Controls language reception; a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

A

Wernicke’s area

25
Q

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

A

Intelligence

26
Q

A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

A

General intelligence (g)

27
Q

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

A

Savant syndrome

28
Q

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

A

Emotional intelligence

29
Q

A method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

A

Intelligence test

30
Q

A test designed to assess what a person has learned

A

Achievement test

31
Q

A test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

A

Aptitude test

32
Q

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age

A

Mental age

33
Q

The widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test

A

Stanford-Binet

34
Q

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100

A

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

35
Q

The most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

36
Q

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

A

Standardization

37
Q

The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

A

Normal curve

38
Q

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting

A

Reliability

39
Q

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

Validity

40
Q

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

A

Content validity

41
Q

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

A

Predictive validity

42
Q

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life

A

Intellectual disability

43
Q

A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

A

Down syndrome

44
Q

The portion of variation among people in a group that we can attribute to genes. The ________ of a trait may vary, depending on the population and the environment

A

Heritability

45
Q

Research in which people of different ages are compared with one another

A

Cross-sectional study

46
Q

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

A

Longitudinal study

47
Q

Your accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

A

Crystallized intelligence

48
Q

Your ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age

A

Fluid intelligence

49
Q

A self-confirming concern that you will be judged based on a negative stereotype

A

Stereotype threat

Psychology 101 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions