Ch. 1

Question 1

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Answer 1

Behaviorism

Question 2

Historically important perspective that emphasized human growth potential

Answer 2

Humanistic psychology

Question 3

The study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

Answer 3

Cognitive psychology

Question 4

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Answer 4

Cognitive neuroscience

Question 5

The science of behavior and mental processes

Answer 5

Psychology

Question 6

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, uncovers hidden values, weighs evidence, and assesses conclusions

Answer 6

Critical thinking

Question 7

An approach that integrates different but complementary views from biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints

Answer 7

Biopsychosocial approach

Question 8

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and handed down from one generation to the next

Answer 8

Culture

Question 9

The age-old controversy over the relative influence of genes and experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors

Answer 9

Nature-nurture issue

Question 10

The principle that our mind processes information at the same time on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Answer 10

Dual processing

Question 11

The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues to help individuals and communities to thrive

Answer 11

Positive psychology

Question 12

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we could have predicted it

Answer 12

Hindsight bias

Question 13

An explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events

Answer 13

Theory

Question 14

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Answer 14

Hypothesis

Question 15

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study

Answer 15

Operational definition

Question 16

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

Answer 16

Replication

Question 17

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Answer 17

Case study

Question 18

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation

Answer 18

Naturalistic observation

Question 19

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of that group

Answer 19

Survey

Question 20

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

Answer 20

Population

Question 21

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Answer 21

Random sample

Question 22

A measure of the extent to which two events vary together, and thus of how well either one predicts the other

Answer 22

Correlation

Question 23

A method in which researchers vary one or more factors (ind. variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dep. variable)

Answer 23

Experiment

Question 24

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing any preexisting differences between the groups

Answer 24

Random assignment

Question 25

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

Answer 25

Experimental group

Question 26

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment

Answer 26

Control group

Question 27

An inactive substance or condition that is sometimes given to those in a control group in place of the treatment given to the experimental group

Answer 27

Placebo

Question 28

In an experiment, a procedure in which both the participants and the research staff are ignorant about who has received the treatment or the placebo

Answer 28

Double-blind procedure

Question 29

Results caused by expectations alone

Answer 29

Placebo effect

Question 30

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Answer 30

Independent variable

Question 31

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

Answer 31

Confounding variable

Question 32

In an experiment, the factor that is measured

Answer 32

Dependent variable

Question 33

Giving people enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate

Answer 33

Informed consent

Question 34

After an experiment ends, explaining to participants the study’s purpose and any deceptions researchers used

Answer 34

Debriefing

Question 35

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Answer 35

Testing effect

Question 36

A study method incorporating 5 steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

Answer 36

SQ3R

Question 37

Any action that can be observed and recorded

Answer 37

Behavior

Question 38

Internal states that are inferred from behavior

Answer 38

Mental processes