Ch. 13 Flashcards
A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
Psychological disorder
A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
Medical model
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Epigenetics
The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
DSM-5
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Anxiety disorders
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Generalized anxiety disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
Phobia
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
Psychoactive drug
Disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
Substance use disorder
A dwindling effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect
Tolerance
The discomfort and distress that follow ending the use of an addictive drug or behavior
Withdrawal
Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Depressants
Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use
Alcohol use disorder
Drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
Barbiturates
Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Opiates
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
Stimulants
A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
Nicotine
A powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; temporarily increases alertness and produces feelings of euphoria
Cocaine
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Amphetamines
A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
Methamphetamine
A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and trigger sensory images in the absence of sensory input
Hallucinogens
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
Near-death experience
A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid
LSD
The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
THC
