Ch. 7

Question 1

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

The process of getting information into the memory system

Answer 2

Encoding

Question 3

The process of retaining encoded information over time

Answer 3

Storage

Question 4

The process of getting information out of memory storage

Answer 4

Retrieval

Question 5

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 5

Sensory memory

Question 6

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 6

Short-term memory

Question 7

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Answer 7

Long-term memory

Question 8

A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Answer 8

Working memory

Question 9

Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness

Answer 9

Implicit memory

Question 10

Unconscious encoding of everyday information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Answer 10

Automatic processing

Question 11

Retention of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve

Answer 11

Explicit memory

Question 12

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 12

Effortful processing

Question 13

The processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions

Answer 13

Parallel processing

Question 14

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

Answer 14

Chunking

Question 15

Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 15

Mnemonics

Question 16

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Answer 16

Spacing effect

Question 17

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Answer 17

Testing effect

Question 18

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

Answer 18

Semantic memory

Question 19

Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

Answer 19

Episodic memory

Question 20

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Answer 20

Hippocampus

Question 21

The neural storage of a long-term memory

Answer 21

Memory consolidation

Question 22

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Answer 22

Flashbulb memory

Question 23

An increase in a cell’s firing potential. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Answer 23

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 24

Memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test

Answer 24

Recall

Question 25

Memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Answer 25

Recognition

Question 26

Memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time

Answer 26

Relearning

Question 27

Any stimulus (event, feeling, place, and so on) linked to a specific memory

Answer 27

Retrieval cue

Question 28

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Answer 28

Priming

Question 29

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood

Answer 29

Mood-congruent memory

Question 30

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Answer 30

Serial position effect

Question 31

Literally “without memory” - a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease

Answer 31

Amnesia

Question 32

Lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms

Answer 32

Memory trace

Question 33

The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Answer 33

Proactive interference

Question 34

The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Answer 34

Retroactive interference

Question 35

In psychoanalytical theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety

Answer 35

Repression

Question 36

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Answer 36

Reconsolidation

Question 37

When a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

Answer 37

Misinformation effect

Question 38

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined

Answer 38

Source amnesia

Question 39

That eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Answer 39

Déjà vu